Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries
Introduction
During the 19th and 20th century, Europe witnessed its so-called demographic transition, with a fall in birth rates and an even greater fall in mortality rates, which led to a rapid increase in the population. The demographic transition was essentially a result of a decrease in chronic infectious diseases like tuberculosis, syphilis, diphtheria, measles, dysentery, and typhoid fever.
The wage dispersion evidence suggests that the middle of the 19th century is an appropriate date for the start of modern convergence in the Atlantic economy. One might view this convergence as one of transition toward globally-integrated Atlantic factor markets. The convergence in wages from about 1854
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And while restrictions on farm imports are still prominent in Europe today, OECD farm sectors are far too small to matter economy-wide to the extent that they did a century ago. Furthermore, the migrations from poor to rich countries today are pretty trivial affairs compared with the mass migrations up to World War I. Today, only the U.S. has across-the-border migration rates anything like those recorded all over the converging Atlantic economy prior to the quotas. And governments today have far more sophisticated ways to compensate losers than they had a century ago.
Conclusion
In conclusion we can say that during the 19th and 20th century the well-to-do European economies of that time included the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Germany, as well as Britain. In contrast, the nine members of the European periphery at this time were Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. (Austria and Denmark can be viewed as straddling the margin between core and periphery.) The industrial core countries had levels of GDP per head 67 percent higher than the poor European periphery (O'Rourke, 1997), and their real wages were 86 percent higher than the periphery. Note again that the sample excludes east and southeast Europe simply because the late 19th century data are inadequate for those regions. We do know, however, that these countries were relatively
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in the economic continuities and changes that occurred in the Atlantic World as a result of new contacts
America: Land of the free and home of the brave. That was the idea that the people had hundreds of years ago. How they would feel now that we are a country that is enslaved to profit and not the least bit brave when it comes to speaking truth. Mark Shield, author of the article “Missing: Any Challenge for the Common Good,” brings to the attention of how todays tactic of running things has become more than a little undermining. The presidential campaign of 2016 has been no more than a bumbling mess for the past few months. Republican front-runner and celebrity, Donald Trump, has led his campaign with racist remarks and the promise of a wall he will not pay for, to separate borders. While the popular vote of the Democratic Party,
The European Feudal system was developed around the twelfth century. It was developed as a way for the poor and lower class people to be protected from the incoming viking and barbarian invasions. This system offered something to the people that they could never achieve by themselves. It was a completely beneficial system, meaning that everyone involved received advantages from it. The main groups of people involved were the King, then the Nobles or Barons, then the Knights, and then finally the Pheasants.
Diamond’s arguments that parts of the world developed more quickly than others based on plant and animal availability for domestication, and the advantage of an east/west continental axis seem to hold some merit in explaining the roots of the “Great Divergence”. The Great Divergence is the period (around the 19th century) when Western Europe outpaced other parts of the world in terms of growth in technological, political, and economic development.
In the 17th century our economy had been excessively reliant on external markets and capital. During that time our economy was colonial. Our investments had first come from France and then Britain. Growth was established on exports of natural resources like furs, fish, lumber, wheat, and minerals, while our imports were of manufactured goods. By the 19th Century, our Canadian economy started to reconstruct from colonial to a continental one. In the 1840s, Britain withdrew from the Commercialism systems that have given priority to imports from the colonies, including Canada. In return, Canada looked to the south for new markets. An agreement between Canada and the US was signed in 1854 and came into
The eighteenth century brought great transitional change, as America dealt with government conflicts, the War of 1812, and the political elections which brought Andrew Jackson to national prominence. In the midst of these happenings, significant changes arose for the women in the eighteenth century, as they appealed to create differences in their status and lives. Equality is considered as a given right, but this was not always the case in history. The conventional organization of the family was considered as men expected to make their living in the competitive world of the marketplace, while women took care of their children in the sheltered environment of the home. Even prior to the eighteenth century, women did not obtain much freedom, as society was ruled with a patriarchal mindset. Whether it was in politics, church governance, or simply hierarchical status, men were always categorized above women. “Men viewed women with distrust, perhaps intuiting the impossible polarity this would create in their lives, and that it would ask decisions of them which they could not imagine taking.” This leads to the posed questions: Why were women initially closed off from having independent rights? How did women combat against these limited obligations and expand their status? Changes and implications were clearly made by women to declare their existence and importance in society. Breaking free from the conventional male dominated society, women assembled together to endorse changes
For more of the period between 1500-1850, European economies was locked into this framework of limited growth. The organic economy could not provide sufficient access to energy to perpetuate industrial processes and growth. By the early 18th century, areas in Europe continents was clearly advanced enough to feel the pinch of environmental limitations, yet neither was able to tranced them. So why did Europe achieve economic dominance? The European agricultural advantage wasn’t at feeding its people. Rather, it was at allowing its people to move outside of agricultural, and beyond a world limited by the restraints on agricultural work.
As we continue to unfurl into the 20th century, we leave behind the bevy of constraints previously placed upon us by the Victorian ideals by the 19th century. What will the future look like for Americans, for ALL Americans? As I hear all of you speak here at Polly’s, I am emboldened, for if our, admittedly nascent, community here in Greenwich Village is any indication, the future looks bright. We may have differences in opinion on what issues deserve the most attention for reform, be it labor concerns, woman suffrage, or the suffocating and liberal social structuration of our country, but we are all asking the right questions and questioning the right authorities. It
Prior to taking this course, my understanding how the world functioned before the 18th century was vague. There were a few topics I knew a bit about; however, not enough to write a scholarly work on. That being said, I was like one of the bystanders watching the fight as it unfolded. I could only make an analysis on what I knew and that was not a lot. The knowledge gained so far from this course truly opened my eyes why many of the world’s institutions existed, or existed to this day. For example, much was known about the cash crop known as cotton and the impact it had on America, but what was not known was how it truly circulated throughout the world and in essence, made the world go ‘round. Yes, cotton was a driving force which helped set up the America’s market. Moreover, it also did the same for the creation of, what historians call, the “global economy”. The Atlantic Slave Trade affected so many nations and people outside of the western hemisphere, that it is only right to have an adequate understanding as to how this transformative process came into full effect. Truthfully, it is very elementary to believe the world did not already have trade routes set up prior to the insurgence of plantation slavery.
For the first time since the fall of Rome, the cities of Europe were no longer inactive and declining. With major development in the field of agriculture, Europe saw larger populations and the resources needed to maintain them. The money gained from these new resources and the taxation from the growing populations allowed for the state to invest in luxury items and institutions, creating the beginning of a middle class and a population of skilled laborers. Although this brought people into larger, more centralized towns and cities, the people reached an important divide; because they no longer worked the land, they became decent on the city's markets for their food supply. To cope, many people who were skilled in trade, worked in food preparation
The early western world benefitted from revenues from trading European products to the Eastern countries (Pomeranz, 2000). High earnings obtained from trading with eastern countries and sales of slave established seven percent profit per annum, which is a “relatively high rate of return considering the high rate of depreciation on pre-industrial capital stocks, which limited the amount of savings and capital accumulation”, stated Pomeranz (2000). Many theories suggest that the Great Divergence occurred as a result of trade development from Europe to Asia, which later on became the main factor of the New World. As, Pomeranz (2000) stated, “the greatest significant advantage for Europe was the vast amount of fertile, uncultivated land in the North America which could be used to grow large quantities of farm products required to sustain European economic growth and allowed labour and land to be freed up in Europe for industrialization.” A great example of this is how England saved approximately 23-25 million acres of agricultural space by importing goods such
In contrast to an area with tropical areas and isolated countries with a lower population, Europe’s much larger population allows it to expand and exceed its limits of trade and farming. This division of labor allowed them to complete work more efficiently and quickly, allowing the economy to prosper with the fast production rates and easily outdo its rivaling countries and continents. This improvement of production allowed them to trade quicker and more easily and better spread their influence throughout the rest of the
After reading about both Dunn’s Patterns of Change model and Smith Johnston’s three frameworks, I would like to combine the two in my teaching career. Using Dunn’s culturally inclusive model combined with Smith Johnston’s frameworks I feel like students could get the culturally inclusivity in a package that is easy to comprehend. I like the idea of breaking world history into themes, however they need to be expressed in historical context. There needs to be information given as to time frames within the themes, otherwise students will have a no concept of when events
To begin with a demographic transition is basically the changes that occur within a society’s population whereby these are changes from high levels of crude birth and death rates with a low rate of natural increase to lower levels of crude death and birth rates yet still having a low rate of natural increase and having a higher total population, and all of these changes that occurs goes back to either developments in economy or changes in standard of living. Now as we all know each and every country has once experienced and witnessed changes in their population either having transformations in favor of the population or the opposite thus causing many disadvantages to the population. This process of the transition consists