18F-fludeoxyglucose Chemical Structure: - Formulation: - 18F-FDG is synthesized by electrophilic fluorination with 18F2. Carrier free dissolved 18F-fluoride (18F-) ions in water is produced by proton bombardment of 18O-enriched water which causes a (n-p) reaction in 18O. 18F- is then separated from the aqueous solvent by trapping it on an ion-exchange column. It is then eluted with an acetonitrile solution of 2,2,2-cryptand and potassium carbonate and evaporated to give [(crypt-222) K]+ 18F-. In the above reaction, intermediate (2) produced is treated with mannose triflate (1) which gives fluorinated deoxyglucose (3) by SN2 reaction by displacing the triflate group by fluoride anion. Finally, 18F-FDG (4) is produced by base hydrolysis …show more content…
11C-choline is distributed mainly to the pancreas, kidneys, liver, spleen and colon. The relatively low urinary excretion of radioactivity shows that renal distribution is maximum in the organ itself, rather than via formation of urine. After intravenous administration, 11C-choline undergoes metabolism. 11C-betaine is the major metabolite in blood detected after metabolism. The study in patients with prostate cancer or brain disorders showed that the fractional activities of 11C-choline and 11C-betaine in human arterial plasma reached plateau within 25 minutes. 11C-betaine represented 82% ± 9% of the total 11C detected at that time. A small amount of unmetabolized 11C-choline was also detected within the blood at the final sampling time at around 40 minutes. Urinary excretion of 11C-choline was < 2% of the injected radioactivity at 1.5 hours after injection of the drug. The rate of 11C-choline excretion in urine was 0.014 mL/min. Choline is a natural compound with no known toxic effects at levels present in the11C-Choline injection. Long term studies have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of …show more content…
Vial A consists of 0.9 mg of bicisate dihydrochloride, 0.36 mg of disodium EDTA dihydrate acting as a transchelating agent, 24 mg of mannitol acting as a bulking agent for lyophilization process, 12-72 µg of SnCl2.2H2O and a reducing agent. Vial B consists of a buffer solution of 4.1 mg of Na2HPO4.7H2O, 0.46 mg of NaH2PO4.H2O and 1 ml of sterile water for injection. They are stored at 15-25 ºC and vial A must be protected from light.) and sodium (99mTc) pertechnetate
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relationship between tail spine length and hemoglobin levels as well as the relationship between tail spine length and heart rate. The concentration of the hemoglobin in Daphnia is dependent on the oxygen available to them.
Make three exposures using given technical factors on a phantom knee in PA position . Include saline bags in exposures 1 and 2 to demonstrate patient soft tissue thickness.
Again, label 7 1.5ml tubes 0 thru 6. Place 15μl of each serially diluted extract into its corresponding labeled tube. Next add 465μl of media into each tube. Then 60μl of Alamar blue in each tube. Finally add an additional 60μl of cells (adjusted to 10,000 cells/20 μl). Vortex each tube for 5 seconds. Now, take 3 different samples 190μl samples of concentration 0 and put it in Wells A2, B2, and C2. Repeat this step again by taking 3 more different 190μl samples of concentration 1 and putting it in wells A3, B3, C3. It should be noted that it is important to vortex each 1.5μl tube again be-fore putting it into the 96 well plate. Contin-ue this same procedure consecutively for the re-maining concentrations.
Triple Sugar Iron Agar test, there was a gas production seen in the media. The media was yellow slant and yellow butt indicating glucose, lactose and/or sucrose fermentation with acid accumulation in slant and butt. For sulfur reduction, it was negative since it did not turn black in color indicating no sulfur was reduced.
My unknown organism #6 is Morganella morganii, which is a gram-negative bacillus rods commonly found in the environment and also in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as a normal flora. (3, 5) This bacterium Morganella morganii, was first discovered in the 1906 by a British bacteriologist named H. de R. Morgan. (2) Despite its wide distribution, it is an uncommon cause of community-acquired infection and is most often encountered inpostoperative and other nosocomial settings. (2, 3) Morganella morganii infections respond well to appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, its
Bacteria are ubiquitous; they can be found on the skin, in the soil, and inside the body. Because of the very nature of this ubiquity, it is important to be able to determine between different strains of bacteria. An example of this is determining the causative agent for a disease so that the patient will be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. It may be important to determine the bacteria in a certain region, because like with enteric bacteria, it is normal to find them in the digestive tract as they are in a symbiotic relationship with our bodies in this area; however, they also cause opportunistic infections in places outside of the digestive tract to our detriment, such as with a urinary tract infection. Some strains of bacteria are common to nosocomial infections, and identifying these bacteria as such helps create the guidelines for healthcare workers in antiseptic technique. All of the morphology and characteristics of each strain of bacteria help us to better understand the role of bacteria in the body as well as helps us understand how they can cause illness, and what treatment regimen to set in place. In lab this semester, a sample of unknown
The purpose of this lab was to identify unknown bacteria cultures using various differential tests, and my unknown bacteria is #17. The identification of these unknown cultures was accomplished by separating and differentiating possible bacteria based on specific biochemical characteristics. Whether the tests performed identified specific enzymatic reactions or metabolic pathways, each was used in a way to help recognize those specifics and identify the unknown cultures. The differential tests used to identify the unknown cultures were Gram stain, Catalase, Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), Blood Agar, Novobiocin, Coagulase, and DNAse (Alachi, 2007).
The sole purpose of this project was to identify an unknown bacteria sample #7. Many tests were carried out to determine what this unknown was. Aside from a microbiology lab, understanding and identifying various organisms are important in disease processes, pharmaceutical arenas, and even in the industrial field. Proper lab techniques, including aseptic technique were used throughout the process of identification.
Approximately 0.05 g of 9-fluorenol, 250mg of chromic oxide resin, and 2 mL of toluene were used for the reaction solution. The CrO3 resin consisted of little brown solid balls. The reaction solution was slowly heated to 130°C. The reaction solution slowly turned light yellow as it was being heated. 1M standards for 9-fluorenol and 9-fluorenone were used. The reaction mixture had a strong gas-like odor while it was filtered through the Hirsch funnel. After evaporating the solvent using a rotary evaporator, the crude product that was left was yellow and solid. When hexane was added the yellow solid formed into a yellow liquid.
Unknown lab report# 24 Introduction Microbiology is a study of organisms that surrounds us every day. It requires an educational understanding to identify organisms, and the ability to distinguish different bacteria’s. In applying the learning process of the different bacteria’s, unknown bacteria samples are given to be studied and identified.
Identifying Organism 6C Introduction: This report details the steps taken and processes used to discover the identity of the unknown organism given to me on Tuesday, November 28th, 2017. With all of the knowledge and skills gained over the semester, in class and in lab, I was able to positively identify my unknown organism. The objective of these labs being, that I successfully utilize the tests and procedures taught during the course to correctly identify my organism and to be able to explain the reasoning behind my tests and results.
The purpose of the Unknown Lab is to practice and implement all that was learned in this microbiology lab this semester about the different test used in identification of an unknown bacteria and to effectively identify an unknown bacterium.
In this experiment, 9-fluorenone was reduced with NaBH4 to produce 9-fluorenol and involves transfer hydrogenation. The hydride from NaBH4 was transferred to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon while the nucleophilic boron was attached to the carbonyl oxygen. If all four hydrogens from NaBH4 are transferred, then a borate salt is produced, which will decompose uon the addition of water. This will then produce
Review of systems is negative for any known opthalmologic, ENT, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, skin, psychiatric, endocrine, hematologic, or immunologic problems.
Hypothesis: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the question will different food sources affect the level of activity of detoxification enzymes in bean beetles? The class alternate hypothesis is different food sources will affect the level of activity of the detoxification enzymes in bean beetles. The null hypothesis is the different food sources will not have any effect on the level of activity of the detoxification enzymes in bean beetles. Experimental design: The independent variables in this experiment were the types of beans (bean 1 was mung beans and bean 2 was adzuki beans) and enzymes assays used.