2058 final review key
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Chemistry
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Jun 26, 2024
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Chem 2058 Final Review key 4) Draw the shape of a 2p orbital. Answer: 10) Draw a correct Lewis structure for acetonitrile, CH
3
CN. Answer: 12) Covalent bonds may be polar or nonpolar. What property of the atoms forming a given bond determines this? Answer: Electronegativity 13) The compound methylamine, CH
3
NH
2
, contains a C
–
N bond. In this bond, which of the following best describes the charge on the carbon atom? A) +1 B) slightly positive C) uncharged D) slightly negative E) -1 Answer: B 27) Write a completed equation for the acid-base pair shown below. HCN + NaOH →
HCN + NaOH →
NaCN + H
2
O 30) Methanesulfonic acid, CH
3
SO
3
H, has a pKa of -7 while ethanol, CH
3
CH
2
OH, has a pKa of 15.9. Which is the stronger acid and what accounts for this large difference in relative acidity? Answer: Methanesulfonic acid is the stronger acid. The lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. A lower pKa is associated with a larger Ka which signifies greater dissociation. The large relative difference in acidity in this case can be most easily seen by gauging the relative basicities of the conjugate bases. The weaker the base, the stronger the corresponding conjugate acid. Methanesulfonate, CH
3
SO
3
-
, is considerably stabilized by resonance delocalization which is not found in ethoxide, CH
3
CH
2
O
-
. This effect greatly reduces the basicity of methanesulfonate relative to ethoxide. 31) Would you predict trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, CF
3
SO
3
H, to be a stronger or weaker acid than methanesulfonic acid, CH
3
SO
3
H? Explain your reasoning. Answer: Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is a stronger acid. Compare the strengths of the conjugate bases and remember that the weaker the base, the stronger the conjugate acid. Both bases are stabilized by resonance, but in the case of the trifluoro derivative, the presence of the highly electronegative fluorine atoms serves to delocalize the negative charge to an even greater extent. This additional delocalization makes trifluoromethanesulfonate a weaker base. 42) Consider the species CH
3
O
-
, NH
2
-
, and CH
3
COO
-
. Rank these ions in order of increasing basicity, and explain your rationale. Answer: CH
3
COO
-
< CH
3
O
-
< NH
2
- The first factor to consider is the nature of the atom which bears the negative charge. The more electronegative the
2 atom that bears the negative charge, the more stable the anion. Stable anions are less reactive and are hence weaker bases. Since O is more electronegative than N, the NH
2
-
is the strongest base in the set. In the remaining two species, the negative charge is on the O, but in the case of CH
3
COO
-
, the negative charge is also delocalized by resonance. 49) Draw the important resonance forms for the structure shown below. Answer: 3) When orbitals on different atoms interact, molecular orbitals are produced. 11) Which of the followi
ng statements about π molecular orbitals is/are correct?
A) π molecular orbitals are cylindrically symmetric.
B) Most of the electron density in a π molecular orbital is centered above and below the internuclear axis.
C) When two atoms are connected by a double bond, both of these bonds are π bonds.
D) Both statements B and C are correct. E) Statements A, B, and C are all correct. Answer: B 17) Structures which differ only in rotations about a single bond are called ____ Conformations _. 21) Choose the correct hybridization for the atom indicated in the molecule below. A) sp B) sp
2
C) sp
3
D) none of the above Answer: B 26) The structure of vitamin C is shown below. Which one of the following statements concerning this structure is not correct? A) The molecule contains 2 pi bonds. B) The molecule contains 1 sp
2
hybridized oxygen atom.
3 C) The molecule contains 3 sp
2
hybridized carbon atoms. D) The molecule can be classified as an aldehyde. E) The molecule contains more than one hydroxyl group. Answer: D 32) Which of the molecules below has the higher boiling point? Briefly explain your choice. (CH
3
)
3
N or CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
Answer: CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
has the higher boiling point since it is capable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. 34) Would you expect sodium chloride (NaCl) to be highly soluble in the organic solvent hexane (CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
)? Briefly explain your answer. Answer: One would not expect NaCl to be highly soluble in hexane. NaCl is an ionic solid (i.e., a very polar material) while hexane is nonpolar. Nopolar solvent molecules do not solvate ions well. The attractions of oppositely charged ions to each other are vastly greater than the weak attractions of the ions for the solvent. 8) Provide an acceptable name for the alkane shown below. Answer: 2,5-dimethylheptane 10) Provide an acceptable name for the alkane shown below. Answer: 4-isopropyldecane or 4-(1-methylethyl)decane 11) Provide an acceptable name for the alkane shown below. Answer: 3-ethyl-7-methyl-5-propylnonane 22) Why are alkanes described as hydrophobic? Answer: Alkanes are nonpolar and as such they do not dissolve to any appreciable extent in water. 25) Consider the three isomeric alkanes n-hexane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, and 2-methylpentane. Which of the following correctly lists these compounds in order of increasing boiling point? A) 2,3-dimethylbutane < 2-methylpentane < n
-hexane B) 2-methylpentane < n
-hexane < 2,3-dimethylbutane C) 2-methylpentane < 2,3-dimethylbutane < n
-hexane D) n
-hexane < 2-methylpentane < 2,3-dimethylbutane E) n
-hexane < 2,3-dimethylbutane < 2-methylpentane Answer: A 34) Draw a Newman projection of the most stable conformation of 2-methylpropane. Answer:
4 35) The structures below are: A) not isomers. B) conformational isomers. C) cis-trans isomers. D) structural isomers. E) both B and D Answer: D 36) Define the term conformation. Answer: Conformations are different arrangements of the same molecule formed by rotations about single bonds. 37) Use a sawhorse structure to depict the eclipsed conformer of ethane. Answer: 38) View a butane molecule along the C
2
–
C
3
bond and provide a Newman projection of the lowest energy conformer. Answer: 45) Describe the sources of angle strain and torsional strain present in cyclopropane. Answer: The angle strain arises from the compression of the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° to 60°. The large torsional strain occurs since all C
–
H bonds on adjacent carbons are eclipsed. 47) Draw the most stable conformation of trans
-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane. Answer: 48) Draw the most stable conformation of cis
-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane. Answer:
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Related Questions
Complete the table below with correct answers. The first one is done for you.
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PLEASE ANSWER THESE 3 MULTIPLE choices QUESTIONS
Q1) What is the total number of electrons in the correct Lewis dot formula of the sulfite ion?
a
8
b
24
c
26
d
30
e
32
Q2) In the Lewis structure for the OF2 molecule, the number of lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atoms is
a
0
b
1
c
2
d
3
e
4
Q1) Francium has a higher electronegativity than fluorine.
True
False
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Draw the Lewis structures for each of the following compounds as they would appear if one hydrogen (H) was added to the appropriate
central atom and the resulting molecule was neutral.
Which of your Lewis structures would represent nonpolar molecules (select all that apply)?
1. NH2
2. CC13
3. H
4. CH3
5. OH
6. C₂H3
01
02
3
4
05
06
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Solve question 9 please it should be relate to question 8
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ONLY QUESTION 7 AND 8 ANSWER PLEASE
Experiment 3: C4H8
1. Attach 2 C atoms in a straight line. Put the double bond between C1 and C2.
2. Attach 2 more C atoms so that the C1C2C3 bond angle is about 120° and the C2C3C4 bond angle is about 109°.
3. Attach toothpicks to indicate the bonds to H atoms to complete the structure.
Question 6 Take a photo and label it P6. Name the structure. Does this structure have any geometric isomers? If so draw and name them. If not, explain why there are no geometric isomers?
4. Now move the double bond so that it is between C2 and C3. Adjust other CCC bond angles appropriately.
Question 7 Take a photo and label it P7. Name the structure. Does this structure have any geometric isomers? If so draw and name them. If not, explain why there are no geometric isomers?
Question 8 Do you need to move the double bond to between C3 and C4 to check for more isomers? Why or why not?
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Help filling in Lewis structure graph
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Help filling in Lewis structure graph
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SCH4U Assignment 7
Name:
Hand draw the Lewis structure and VSEPR diagram for the following molecules. Show bond
polarity and state the geometric shape and molecular polarity. The first one is done for you.
Lewis Structure
VSEPR Diagram
Shape & Molecular Polarity
1) NH3
2) BeCl2
3) CIO3-1
4) BrCl3
5) CIO21
8+
H
d-
NHS+
H
6+
- Trigonal pyramidal
- Polar
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1A
U3 Lesson 1 Check for Understanding
lonic vs. Covalent Bonds
Part ONE: Use the Electronegativity Chart to get the electronegativity values for this practice sheet
1. Determine the type of element in each compound as either metal (M), nonmetal (NM) or metalloid (META) and classify
the bond type as lonic, Polar Covalent or Nonpolar Covalent, according to the type of atoms.
Identical NM's
Different NM's
M/NM
Nonpolar Covalent
Polar covalent
lonic
2. Using the table of electro-negativities provided, calculate the difference in electronegativity and then classify the bond
type as lonic, Polar Covalent or Nonpolar Covalent according to the EN difference.
Nonpolar Covalent
0-0.4
0.41-1.69
> 1.70
Compound
SiS₂
NaCl
NH3
Li₂O
H₂O
Ca₂N₂
SO3
H₂
CuF
* CH4
Types of Atoms
META/NM
Polar Covalent
lonic
Bond Type
?
EN Difference
2.5-1.8=.7
Bond Type
Polar Covalent
FU
IM
Part TWO: Analysis
1. Do most predictions of bond type using electronegativity match to the prediction of bond type using types of…
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Please correct answer and don't use hand rating
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Activity 3: Reasoning Challenge
Directions: Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences only.
1. VSEPR theory specifies "valence shell" electrons. Explain why these are
the most critical electrons for determining molecular shape?
2. Avogadro does not "waste" his time drawing a Lewis structure before
determining the shape of PF3. He thinks that the shape of PF3 must be trigonal
planar because there are three fluorine atoms bonded to the central
phosphorus atom.
a. Draw the Lewis structure for PF3.
b. Was Avogadro's answer for the shape of a PF3 molecule correct? Explain
c. Why is it important to draw the Lewis structure for a molecule bef
identifying the shape of the molecule?
3. Draw the Lewis structure of ozone, O3. Describe why ozone has a bent shape
instead of a linear shape.
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Please answer part c and b part a is done
Part A) Consider the structural changes that occur in the following molecules. Begin by drawing the best Lewis Structure for each of the following molecules. BH3 CH4 NH3 H2O HF
Part B)What are the ideal bond angles for each structure, and which are expected to be distorted? For the ones that are distorted look up on the internet and record their experimental values here:
Part C)According to Lewis and VSEPR theory, why do these changes occur?
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Question 5
Which of the following compounds has at least one polar bond but is
NOT a polar molecule? (Select ALL that apply)
O PCIS
O CBra
O H;0
O CO2
O CS:
O NH3
Question 6
Which of the following molecules are polar? (Select ALL that apply)
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I wanna help to answer this question
Thanks a lot
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Question 4
Select the correct bond angle for each of the following central atoms:
NH3 = [Select]
PCI= [Select ]
NOCI [Select]
HNO2 (central atom = N) =
HNO2 (central atom = O) =
SO3 = [Select]
SO₂ =
CO₂
=
[Select]
[Select]
CH3OH (central atom = C)
CH3OH (central atom = O)
=
COF2= [Select ]
[Select]
[Select]
◊
û
✪
= [Select]
O
[Select]
✪
NH₂CH₂CO₂H (central atom = N) = [Select]
NH₂CH₂CO₂H (central atom = CH2) = [Select]
NH₂CH₂CO₂H (central atom = CO2) = [Select]
✪
O
()
()
✪
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please answer quickly
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Activity 2: The Name is Bond... Chemical Bond
Directions: Fill out the table below with correct answers. The first one is done for you.
Type of
Bond
High Boiling
Point?
High Melting
Point?
Good conductor of
Compound
heat or electricity?
NaCI
ionic
Yes
Yes
Yes
CH4
HCI
N2
O2
H20
KBr
MgCl2
PC3
CO
CaF2
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Question 4 options:
Draw the Lewis structure of CS2 and use your Lewis structure to help fill in the missing numbers.
Hint: you must put a number in each box. If the answer is zero, you must enter "0".
The Lewis structure has:
lone pairs,
single bonds,
double bonds,
triple bonds,
atoms with a positive formal charge, and
atoms with a negative formal charge.
Is this structure stabilised by resonance?
(Enter either yes or no below - no other words).
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Please help!
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QUESTION 3
Draw the lewis dot structure of BeCl 2. How many lone-pairs of electrons (first) and bonding pairs of electrons exist on the molecule BeCl 2? Key Concept: Lewis structures are drawn from a knowledge of the total number of electrons from all the atoms involved in the structure. The element with the lowest electronegativity is the central atom. Fulfill octet of outside atoms first.
A
2,2
B
0,3
C
6,3
D
6,2
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5
question
Consider the molecule shown below. One part of the molecule is missing (shown as a
mark). Options A through E shown some chemical groups that could be added in the question
mark position.
HH
H-C-C-O-
?
HH
Which of the options below will NOT fully satisfy the bonding requirements for the atoms in
the molecule?
A H
B
C
D
E
CH3
OH
CH₂
COOH
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Science / Chemistry / Q&A Library / Chemistry Question
Chemistry Question
Question
Exercise 3.1
1. Explain the formation of bonds in the following
compounds
a) KBr b) Cal,
2. Draw the bond for the following compounds
a) CH, b) CO2 c) HCl d) PCI3
? Expert Solution
This question hasn't been answered yet.
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Help, I just need to draw the Lewis structural formula
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Identify the correct dipole for the C-F bond in the Lewis structure of fluorobenzene shown using the symbols δ⁺ and δ⁻.
A) (δ⁻)C – F(δ⁻)
B) (δ⁺)C – F(δ⁻)
C) (δ⁻)C – F(δ⁺)
D) (δ⁺)C – F(δ⁺)
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Arrange the highlighted bonds in the table below in decreasing order of polarity. That is, pick 1 for the most polar bond, pick 2 for the
next most polar bond, and so on.
bond
polarity
H-C-H
(Choose one) ▼
H
(Choose one) ▼
H
H.
(Choose one)
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(2) Write the preliminary Lewis structure for C2H2 (Figure 35). Place
one pair of electron dots between each pair of bonded atomic cores.
Figure 35
(3) What is the total number of valence electrons remaining?
answer
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97. Which of the following molecules and ions contain polar bonds? Which of these molecules and
ions have dipole moments?
(a) CIF5
polar bond? [ Select]
dipole? [Select]
(b) CIO2
polar bond? [Select ]
dipole?
[ Select ]
(c) TeCla2-
polar bond? [Select ]
dipole? [Select]
99+
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I Don't Know
Arrange the highlighted bonds in the table below in decreasing order of polarity. That is, pick 1 for the most polar bond, pick 2 for the next most polar bond, and
so on
bond
Br-F:
Submit
polarity
(Choose one) ▼
(Choose one) ▼
(Choose one) ▼
Question 14
X
Emmalee
5
Ⓒ2023 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center
?
ol
Ar
Accessib
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Please answer
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10-8 Organic Compounds synthesized in the laboratory have the same chemical and physical properties as those synthesized in the laboratory.
Chemist have synthesized many organic compounds that are not found in nature.
10-10 Suppose that you are told that organic substances are produced only by living organism. How could you rebut this assertion?
3-86 Both CO2 and SO2 have polar bonds. Account for the fact that CO2 is nonpolar and SO2 is polar?
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Can you double check my work please
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from highest to lowest, 4 being the lowest. use 1-4 for the answers please
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