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Chapter
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14
Endocrine system
Endocrine system
(Hormones and their functions)
●
Pituitary gland
●
Adrenal gland
●
Thyroid and parathyroid gland
●
Pancreas and gonads
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Endocrine system
Introduction
—
Endocrine system is defined as the complex glandular
structure (cell modification or aggregation) which secrete the hormones and
neurotransmitter in the body and regulate the body physiology and major
participate in the defensive mechanism of the body.
Major endocrine gland
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Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers
and are produced in trace amounts. Most hormones enter interstitial fluid and
then the bloodstream. In endocrine system we have discussed about two types
of glands.
1.
Exocrine glands
—
Exocrine glands secrete their products (enzymes) into
ducts, that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an
organ, or to the outer surface of the body. Exocrine glands include
sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, and digestive glands
2.
Endocrine gland
—
Endocrine glands secrete their products (Hormone)
into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather than into
ducts, so it is also called as ductless glands. From the interstitial fluid,
hormones diffuse into blood capillaries and blood carries them to target
cells throughout the body. It is depending upon the heart for distribution
of products.
Functions and Importance of Hormones
—
Pituitary gland.
Introduction
—
Pituitary gland or hypophysis is a small endocrine gland located
in a depression called ‘sella turcica’ present in the sphenoid bone at the base
of skull. It is connected with the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk or
hypophyseal stalk. Pituitary gland is divided into two divisions.
1.
Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis
—
It secretes many hormones and
regulates the other endocrine
gland’s
function, so it is also known as master
gland. Adenohypophysis consists of two portions, pars distalis and pars
intermedia. The pars distalis region of pituitary, commonly called anterior
pituitary, produces.
Growth/somatotropic hormone (GH/STH)
—
GH is responsible for the
general growth of the body. Over-secretion of GH stimulates abnormal
growth of the body leading to gigantism and low secretion of GH results
in stunted growth resulting in pituitary dwarfism.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
—
TSH stimulates the synthesis and
secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
—
ACTH stimulates the synthesis
and secretion of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from the
adrenal cortex
Prolactin (PRL)
—
Prolactin regulates the growth of the mammary glands
and formation of milk in them.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
—
LH
and FSH stimulate gonadal activity and hence are called gonadotrophins.
In males, LH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hormones called
androgens from testis. In males, FSH and androgens regulate
spermatogenesis. In females, LH induces ovulation of fully mature
follicles (graafian follicles) and maintains the corpus luteum, formed
from the remnants of the graafian follicles after ovulation. FSH
stimulates growth and development of the ovarian follicles in females.
NOTE
—
Pars intermedia secretes the only one hormone melanocyte
stimulating hormone (MSH). MSH acts on the melanocytes (melanin containing
cells) and regulates pigmentation of the skin.
2
.Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis
—
Also known as pars nervosa and it
release two hormone-
Oxytocin
—
Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of our body and
stimulates their contraction. In females, it stimulates a vigorous
contraction of uterus at the time of child birth, and milk ejection from
the mammary gland.
Vasopressin
—
Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and resorption of
water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of
water through urine (diuresis). Hence, it is also called as anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH).
NOTE
—
Hypothalamus release the both type (stimulating as well as inhibitory)
Hormone through the portal circulatory system and regulate the functions of
Pituitary gland, so it called as master of master gland.
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TSH
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ACTH
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