3_Skull_Fri24Feb2023_ss2_BW

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Queensland University of Technology *

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BIOM2015

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Anatomy

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Oct 30, 2023

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CAUTION • The Transplantation and Anatomy Act 1979 (Qld) binds all persons and is, thereby, relevant to all UQ anatomy students. • It is stated under s36 (2) of the Act : “A person who performs an anatomical examination upon a body shall do so in a quiet, orderly and decent manner”. This requirement shall be met for any and all use of donated human tissues at UQ . This includes, but is not limited to: – tissue use by students during attendance at the Gross Anatomy Facility; – hardcopy use of images of donated tissues; – accessing UQ lecture notes or other online UQ anatomy resources containing references to, or images of, donated human tissues; – use of notes inside or outside of class time. • The SBMS Code of Conduct for Use of Donated Human Tissues equally applies. www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Acts_SLs/ Superseded/SUPERS_T/Transpl_Anat A79.htm Do not remove this notice.
BIOM2020 24 Feb 2023 Skull The Carl N. Stephan , PhD c.stephan@uq.edu.au Bldg #81-426
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The skull is the most complex part of the human skeleton . It is comprised of 22 bones and has 7 other associated elements (including the tiniest bones of the body, namely the auditory ossicles).
Face (14) Maxillary bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Vomer (1) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Mandible (1) Skull (22) Calvaria (8) Occipital bone (1) Parietal bones (2) Frontal bone (1) Temporal bones (2) Sphenoid (1) Ethmoid (1) Associated bones (7) Auditory ossicles: Malleus (2) Incus (2) Stapes (2) Hyoid bone (1) Maxillary bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Vomer (1) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Mandible (1)
The morphology of the skull changes throughout the human life cycle. Characteristic is downward forward growth of face to adulthood. (Brain develops most quickly of all tissues and is 90% adult size by age of 5 years.) Tooth loss then has biggest impact on skull morphology as individuals age. (Loss of mechanical force transmission with associated bone resorption.) https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC3331816_1475-2875-11-64-1&req=4
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Functions: Mechanics: – Support; for face – Protection; for brain, eyes, organs of hearing and balance etc. – Movement; i.e., muscle attachments Metabolic: – Nutrient store; calcium and lipids – Blood cell formation; Hematopoiesis – esp. in diploe
Elements of the skull • Cranium • Mandible
Elements of the skull • Neurocranium (cranium without face, ≠ calotte [skull cap]) • Splanchnocranium (facial skeleton) In adults, most skull bones are ‘locked’ together by immovable joints called sutures
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General Osteological Features of Bones *Spaces / Depressions* Space Name Definition Foramen Circular hole Canal Elongated circular tube Meatus Funnel-like canal Groove Furrow Fissure Narrow slit-like opening Notch Indentation (e.g., incomplete foramen) Fossa Shallow basin-like depression Sinus Air-filled cavity within select bones of the cranium (not to be confused with other sinuses of the body, e.g., venous blood filled sinuses)
General Osteological Features of Bones *Joint Surfaces* Joint Surface Name Definition Head Bony expansion carried on a neck • Often large and round or ovoid in shape Neck Narrowing under/near the head Articular Surface Any joint surface: • Normally reserved for synovial joint surfaces; • Bone typically covered by articular cartilage at these sites in living persons Facet Smooth, rounded nearly flat articular surface Condyle Large rounded projection that articulates with a fossa
General Osteological Features of Bones *Projections* Projection Name Definition Tubercle A small rounded projection Tuberosity Large rounded projection (can be rough) Trochanter Very large blunt projection (only found on the femora) Process A bony prominence Spine Sharp slender often pointed projection Line Faint narrow ridge Ridge Projecting ridge Crest Narrow Sharp well-defined ridge Epicondyle Raised area adjacent to condyle (usually on medial / lateral surfaces)
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Cranial Cavity Oral Cavity Major Spaces of the skull Orbit Orbit Nasal Cavity
The cranial cavity is delineated by the skull vault and base Base Vault The base is important since many vital structures (brain stem, nerves and blood vessels) pass through it. Base Roof Walls
Structure of cranial flat bones • Diploë between two plates of compact bone
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Sutures of the Skull
Squamosal Sagittal Four major sutures you must know
Features of Neonate skulls Fontanelles: – Anterior (1) – Posterior (13) Frontal suture (5) **If frontal suture persists past age 5 yrs = metopic suture
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Persistence of a frontal suture past the age of 5 years, gives rise to a metopic suture in 5% of individuals.
Temporal Frontal Mandible Maxilla Lacrimal
The sphenoid bone Pterygoid plates Lesser wing Greater wing
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Sella turcica (=Turkish Saddle) • Lies behind optic groove Has three parts • Tuberculum sellae • Hypophseal fossa • Dorsum sellae
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Ethmoid Vomer Palatine Crista Galli Cribriform plate
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Inferior temporal line External occipital protuberance Nasal Spine
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The Mandible Ramus (22) • Condyle (8) • Coronoid process (6) • Notch (12) • Angle (2) Body • Mental foramen (13) • Mandibular foramen (11) • Symphysis menti (14)
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Temporomandibular joint • Condylar head of ramus of manible / glenoid fossa of temporal bone • Movements
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Foramina of the skull See if you can find these at home in the textbook prior to the next practical: Foramen magnum Superior orbital fissure External auditory meatus Inferior orbital fissure Internal auditory meatus Optic canal Supra-orbital foramen/notch Carotid canal Infra-orbital foramen Foramen lacerum Mental foramen Jugular foramen/notch Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum What passes through each foramen? Nerve, vein and/or artery?
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Para nasal sinuses / Pneumatic bones • Frontal • Ethmodial • Sphenoidal • Maxillary • Function (??)
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Image from Mann, Hunt, Lozanoff (2016)
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Terms of Dental Relationships The arch of bone the teeth roots sit in (subsequently forming an arch of teeth) is called the ‘dental arcade’.
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Tooth Life Cycle Deciduous teeth (= 20) Permanent teeth (= 32)
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Sex differences • Overarching robustness (M>F) • Vault – Bossing / eminences (F>M) – Slope of forehead (M>F) • Glabella (M>F) • Mastoid process (M>F) • External occipital protuberance (M>F) * Must asses multiple/all traits together to accurately estimate sex from skull Male Female
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