Amino acid

Proteins are one of the most important biological molecules in the body; they make up more than 50% of the dry mass in human body cells. Their simple structure can be described as amino acid polymers as they are made up of many amino acid monomers stringed together in a linear fashion, which then gives rise to more complex structures, as various bonding and manipulation takes place. The name ‘protein’ comes from the Greek word meaning ‘holding first place’ which supports the fact that they are essential

Elongation is terminated by a stop codon. Stop codon do not code for any amino acid. Protein folding The amino acid sequences derived from decoding the mRNA determines a protein's final conformation, helper proteins aid the newly formed polypeptide with its folding to achieve a proper functional shape. These molecular chaperones are essential

and Enzyme Action Holly Tupper Amino Acids What is an amino acid and its chemical structure? Amino acids are essential for the human body as they are referred to as the building blocks of proteins (Nutriology 2003). They are compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2) also joined to them are various side groups which are bonded to the alpha carbon (Thermo-fisher 2015). Figure one showing the structure of an amino acid. Date Accessed 12.3.16 https://www

DNA is found inside the nucleus of cells. It has two complementary, antiparallel strands. The strands contain nucleotides, which each have a phosphoric acid, deoxyribose sugar and a base. There are two groups of bases purine and pyrimidine; adenine and guanine are purine bases, and cytosine and thymine are pyrimidine bases. A purine must pair with a pyrimidine, a purine can’t pair with another purine nor can a pyrimidine pair with another pyrimidine, this is in order to ensure that the ‘rungs in

fatty acid, and ethanol-amine, ethylene oxide, propyl-oxide etc. Limitation of Conventional surfactant: 1. Toxic by-product formation: a very complex reaction are carried out to synthesize a petrochemical based surfactant, due to the complex reaction and various type of raw materials leads to formation of some by-products or isomers of main product, these may be cause of environmental, health safety

base substitution, causes mutations to occur in protein production through the alteration of a single codon. These mutations are divided up into three different subcategories. The first of which is called a missense mutation resulting in the wrong amino acid being placed into a protein molecule. This type of mutation in a quaternary stage protein such as insulin would change the way that the insulin utilizes glucose within the body and may lead to a form of diabetes. Secondly, there is the nonsense

Our genetic material is DNA. A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids otherwise known as a "protein." DNA is used to make polypeptides in a process called protein synthesis. THe assemblance of polypeptides occurs in protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is the process where genetic info is taken from the nucleus and into the ribosome. Protein synthesis uses two RNA molecules and two types of processes called transcription and translation. The two RNA molecules are messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer

Metabolism is a process in which chemicals and enzymes break down food in the digestive system to make energy. The food is converted into simple sugars, energy and amino acids with the help of the mitochondria. A body can use this energy right away or it can store the energy in tissues such as liver, muscles, and body fats. A metabolic disorder happens when something goes wrong with the metabolic process because of abnormal chemical reactions. The metabolic disorder causes some substances to be produced

Proteins are biological macromolecules made from smaller building units called amino acids. There are 20 natural occurring amino acids which can combine in various ways to form a polypeptide. There are four distinctive levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The primary structure of a protein is important in determining the final three dimensional structure and hence the role and function of a particular protein, both in the human body and in life around us. The

this level, there is a sequence of amino acids. The way these amino acids are determined is an “R” group, based on this "R" group, an amino acid can vary, such as uncharged, polar and uncharged, basic, as well as acidic. The second group of their structure is called the secondary group, and this group involves the bonding of hydrogen in the amino and carboxyl backbones. The third, or tertiary stage involves various types of bonding between “R” groups of the Amino Acids. The final Quarternary level occurs