Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 9.4, Problem 1R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The necessity of replenishing oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in continuing glycolysis in the absence of oxygen (O2).
Introduction:
Glycolysis is the catabolic pathway of oxidizing glucose to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This reaction occurs in the cell’s cytoplasm. In the absence of oxygen or during anaerobic conditions, the energy generation pathway switches to fermentation instead of oxidative phosphorylation after the glycolytic pathway.
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Which of the enzymes in glycolysis are NADH linked dehydrogenases?
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- You know that during oxidative phosphorylation, 1 NADH creates 2.5 ATP and 1 FADH2 creates 1.5 ATP. From this information, how many total ATP molecules will be produced from the complete oxidation of pyruvate?arrow_forwardAssuming all the NADH+H+ and FADH2 are used for oxidative phosphorylation, how many net ATP are made from 1 molecule of glucose? (hint: don’t forget to also include substrate level phosphorylation)arrow_forwardHow is the reduced NAD produced in glycolysis used in aerobic respiration?arrow_forward
- Under standard conditions, is the oxidation of ubiquinol (Coenzyme Q) by O2 sufficiently exergonic to drive the synthesis of ATP? If yes, how many ATP can be synthesized assuming 100% efficiency?arrow_forwardWhat is the overall net reaction of glycolysis? C6H12O6 + 2 NADH + 2 P₁ + 2 ATP --> 2 C3H3O3 + 2 NAD+ + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 2 ADP C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 4 P₁ + 4 ADP --> 2 C3H3O3 + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 4 ATP Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 P₁ + 2 ADP --> 2 C3H3O3 + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 2 ATP Glucose + 2 FAD + 2 P; + 2 ADP --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 FADH₂ + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 2 ATP C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 P₁ + 2 ADP --> Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H₂O + 2 ATParrow_forwardWhy are relatively modest quantities of NAD+ needed in comparison to the vast quantity of carbohydrate fermented?arrow_forward
- If NADH acts as a NEGATIVE regulator of citrate synthase, how could this conserve oxidizable carbons for later usage?arrow_forwardWhat molecule does NAD+ become during glycolysis? Does NAD+ gain or lose electrons?arrow_forwardWhere is the first NADH molecule produced in cellular respiration? options: Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A Conversion of acetyl coenzyme A to pyruvate Reduction of oxygen to water In the cytoplasmarrow_forward
- Organisms growing anaerobically cannot perform glycolysis for long without reducing the pyruvate from glycolysis into another compound, most commonly to lactate or to ethanol plus CO2. Which of the following provides the best explanation for sustaining anaerobic glycolysis? O Lactic acid has to be reduced to regenerate NADH Pyruvate has to be reduced to regenerate NADH Pyruvate has to be reduced to regenerate NAD+ Lactic acid has to be reduced to regenerate NAD+arrow_forwardWhy can pyruvate cross the mitochondrial membrane but no other molecule after step 1 in glycolysis can?arrow_forwardWhy is the cell's ability to regenerate NAD+ critical to glycolysis? Which step of glycolysis requires NAD*?arrow_forward
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