(a)
Interpretation: The value of
Concept introduction:Thermodynamics is a study of energy transfers that can be done by either heat or work. The energy transferred through work involves force. When work is positive then system gains energy while when work is negative then system loses energy. Heat is not a state function and therefore change in enthalpy of reaction
(b)
Interpretation: The mechanism using curved arrows should be indicated for below reactions.
Concept introduction:Unimolecuar substitution or
A general
(c)
Interpretation: The effect observed on the rate of methanolysis when the concentration of tertiary
Concept introduction:Unimolecuar substitution or
A general
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Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function
- 1. (a) Write as many chemically reasonable syntheses as you can think of for ethyl 2-methylpropyl ether (ethyl isobutyl ether). Be sure that at some point in one or more of your syntheses you utilize the following reagents (not all in the same synthesis, however): PB13, SOCI2, p- toluenesulfonyl chloride (tosyl chloride), NaH, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol (isobutyl alcohol), concentrated H2SO4, Hg(OAc)2, ethene (ethylene). (b) Evaluate the relative merits of your syntheses on the basis of selectivity and efficiency. (Decide which ones could be argued to be the "best" syntheses and which might be "poorer" syntheses.)arrow_forward(a) Tsomane and Nyiko were given a task of synthesising methylenecyclohexane 2. After a brief discussion with each other, Tsomane proposed Method A to synthesise 2 from cyclohexanone 1 while Nyiko proposed Method B that started from hydroxymethylcyclohexane 3. Each student believed that their proposed method is better than the other. (Scheme below) Ph THF A Ph Ph B H₂SO4 100 °C 3 OH (iii) In analysing both these methods, are there other possible alkene products other than methylenecyclohexane 2? Use mechanistic details to support your answer.arrow_forward(b) The activating and deactivating groups could affect the position(s) of the next incoming group(s) to the benzene ring. Based on the structure below, analyze and explain the group(s) on the benzene ring is activating or deactivating group. Then, identify the product(s) formed from the following reactions. NH, CC, CH;CH,COCI AICI, (i) NH, HNO, H,SO, (ii) H Br AICI, (iii) Page 3 of 4arrow_forward
- III. It is known that the solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methylbutane in ethanol at 25 °C produces a mixture of substitution (64% mole) and elimination (36% mole) products. If the same alkyl halide is allowed to undergo solvolysis at the same temperature in tert-butyl alcohol, please predict (qualitatively) how the composition of the mixture will change and rationalize your prediction. You only need to consider nucleophilic substitution and elimination. ts)arrow_forward5. Consider the synthesis of 2-butanone from butyne: Hg2+ CH3CH,-C=C–H CH3CH, Ĉ -CH3 H3o* (i) Draw the structure of the compound D. (ii) Compound D isomerizes to form 2-butanone. What is this isomeric process called? (iii) Use the mechanism to show the conversion of compound D to 2-butanone.arrow_forwardThe following two sets of reactions, ((a) and (b)), show possibilities for arrow pushing in individual reaction steps. Identify which is wrong and explain why. Next, using the correct arrow pushing, label which molecule is the nucleophile and which is the electrophile. (a) (b) H3C :Cl: H3C H,c-i: – →: I-CH3 + :Cl: C-C: H3C / H3C H3C-Cl: C-CH3 H3C : H,C-Cl: H3C-CI: →: I-CH3 + :Cl: H3C :Cl: H3C C-CH3 C-CI: H3C/ H3C H3Carrow_forward
- (C) ntify the reagen out) in Scheme 6. (D) Another repeating transformation is the reductive amination that shows up in the Schemes 3, 5 and 6. This takes Ar-NH₂ to Ar-N(CH3)2 with NaBH4/HCHO (formaldedyde). This provides the “rear" dipole that drives the nanocar. Show the mechanism for converting Ar-NH2 → Ar-N(CH3)2 with two formaldehyde molecules and NaBH4. You will need to review your notes from lab5 in chem210L that used NaBH4.arrow_forwardChemistry (ii) Would you expect the rate of hydrolysis of methyl-p-fluorobenzoate (X = F) to be substantially greater than, significantly less than, or about the same as that of the unsubstituted compound; Ox (p-F) = 0.06? Give a short justification of your answer – calculations are unnecessary.arrow_forwardParagraph Styles Edi 7. Answer ALL parts of the question (a) Predict the organic products formed when 3-methoxybenzaldehyde is heated with formaldehyde in the presence of concentrated sodium hydroxide (after final acidification with HCI) (Scheme Q7a): 1. NaOH, heat MeO, H. H. 2. HCI Aromatic (Scheme Q7a) (b) Give the full name of this reaction. (c) (1) Identify the electrophile in the hydride transfer step to form the aromatic product. (ii) Draw a mechanism for the reduction of this electrophile.arrow_forward
- 6. Which of the following alcohol/s would give a positive triiodomethane reaction? Indicate YES or NO on the boxes provided below the structure OH OH CH3(CH,);-CH,OH CH, —С—н (a) (b) (c)arrow_forwardChemistry 3. Provide reagents/conditions to accomplish the following syntheses. Several steps are required in some cases. (c) (d) H2N. NH2 но H. NH2 ноarrow_forward(3) HI does not undergo free radical addition with 1-butene, even in the presence of a peroxide. Please provide an explanation by analyzing the propagation steps if the same radical reaction occurred with HI. Besides the bond dissociation enthalpies in the appendix, the following approximate bond dissociate enthalpies might be useful to you: ~310 kJ/mol The component of C=C CH3CH₂CH₂CH₂-Br CH3CH₂CH₂CH2-I -290 kJ/mol (C-Br bond) ~235 kJ/mol (C-I bond)arrow_forward