The Lewis structure of the organic fragment produced from the given molecule is to be determined and thereby the formal charge on it needs to be calculated. Concept Introduction: Some organic functional groups (even neutral functional groups) have formal charges on individual atoms. To calculate the formal charge on an atom in any given structure it is necessary to distinguish between the electrons that make up an atom’s octet and the electrons that formally “belong” to an atom. In any given Lewis structure all electrons associated with an atom either as an unshared pair or shared pair are part of that atom’s octet.

Question

Please answer the following questions in your own words. Define the following terms: Ion – Valence electrons – Atomic number – Electronegativity – Octet rule – Explain the difference between a covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bond. Compare and contrast polar and nonpolar covalent bonding. Identify 1 similarity and 1 difference. Answer the following questions about water (H20): Which type of chemical bond holds the hydrogen and oxygen atoms together in a single water molecule? Which type of chemical bond holds different water molecules together in a water droplet? Is water an example of a polar or nonpolar molecule? Explain. Which atom in a water molecule has a greater electronegativity? Will water dissolve nonpolar molecules? Explain. Explain how the following properties of water are important to living organisms: Water has a high heat of vaporization Water is a good solvent Ice is less dense than liquid water

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 52EQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The Lewis structure of the organic fragment produced from the given molecule is to be determined and thereby the formal charge on it needs to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

Some organic functional groups (even neutral functional groups) have formal charges on individual atoms.

To calculate the formal charge on an atom in any given structure it is necessary to distinguish between the electrons that make up an atom’s octet and the electrons that formally “belong” to an atom. In any given Lewis structure all electrons associated with an atom either as an unshared pair or shared pair are part of that atom’s octet.

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