Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577206
Author: Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 1, Problem 10P
Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book.
The Dimensions of Mitochondria and Their Constituents Assume that mitochondria are cylinders 1.5 m in length and 0.6 μm in diameter. (Section 1.5)
- What is the volume of a single mitochondrion?
- Oxaloacetate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, an important
metabolic pathway localized in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. The concentration of oxaloacetate in mitochondria is about 0.03 μΜ. How many molecules of oxaloacetate are in a single mitochondrion?
Expert Solution & Answer
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Chapter 1 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...
Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 1 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biochemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Interpreting Kinetics Experiments from Graphical Patterns The following graphical patterns obtained from kinetic experiments have several possible interpretations depending on the nature of the experiment and the variables being plotted. Give at least two possibilities for each.arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Cells as Steady-State Systems Describe what is meant by the phrase "cells tire steady-state systems." (Section 1.4)arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at (he end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Understanding State Functions Define a slate function. Name three thermodynamic quantities that are state functions and three thatarrow_forward
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. General Controls Over Enzyme Activity List six general ways in which enzyme activity is controlled.arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. The Dimensions of Eukaryotic Cells and Their ConstituentsAssume that liver cells are cuboidal in shape, 20 m oil a side. (Section 1.5) How many liver cells laid end to end would fit across the diameter of a pinhead? (Assume a pinhead diameter of 0.5 mm) What is the volume of a liver cell? (Assume it is a cube.) What is the surface area of a liver cell? What is the surface-to- volume ratio of a liver cell? How does this compare to the surface-to-volume ratio of an E. coli cell (compare this answer with that of problem 3c)? What problems must cells with low surface-to-volume ratios confront that do not occur in cells with high surface-to-volume ratios? A human liver cell contains two sets of 23 chromosomes, each set being roughly equivalent in information content. The total mass of DNA contained in these 46 enormous DNA molecules is 4 1012 Because each nucleotide pair contributes 660 daltons to the mass of DNA and 0.34 run to the length of DNA, what is the total number of nucleotide pairs and the complete length of the DNA in a liver cell? How does this length compare with the overall dimensions of a liver cell? The maximal information in each set of liver cell chromosomes should be related to the number of nucleotide pairs in the chromosome set's DNA. This number can be obtained by dividing the total number of nucleotide pairs just calculated by 2. What is this value? If this information is expressed in proteins that average 400 amino acids in length and three nucleotide pairs encode one amino acid in a protein, how many different kinds of proteins might a liver cell be able to produce? (In reality, liver cell DNA encodes approximately 20,000 different proteins. Thus a large discrepancy exists between the theoretical information content of DNA in liver cells and the amount of information actually expressed.)arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Cell Structure Without consulting the figures in this chapter, sketch the characteristic prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types and label their pertinent organelle and membrane systems. (Section 1.5)arrow_forward
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Quantitative Relationships Between Rate Constants to Calculate Km, Kinetic Efficiency (kcat/Km) and Vmax - VI The enzyme catalase catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: 2H2O22H2O+O2The turnover number (kcat) for catalase is 40,000,000 sec-1. The Km of catalase for its substrate H2O2 is 0.11 M. a. In an experiment using 3 nanomole/L of catalase, what is Vmax? b. What is v when [H2O2] = 0.75 M? c. What is the catalytic efficiency of catalase? d. Does catalase approach catalytic perfection?arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Quantitative Relationships Between Rate Constants to Calculate Km, Kinetic Efficiency (kcat/Km) and Vmax - I Measurement of the rate constants for a simple enzymatic reaction obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics gave the following results: k1=2108M1sec1k1=1103sec1k2=5103sec1a. What is Ks, the dissociation constant for the enzyme-substrate complex? b. What is Km, the Michaelis constant for this enzyme? c. What is kcat (the turnover number) for this enzyme? d. What is the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for this enzyme? e. Does this enzyme approach kinetic perfection? (That is, does kcat/Km approach the diffusion-controlled rate of enzyme association with substrate?) f. If a kinetic measurement was made using 2 nanomoles of enzyme per mL and saturating amounts of substrate, what would Vmax equal? g. Again, using 2 nanomoles of enzyme per mL of reaction mixture, what concentration of substrate would give v = 0.75 Vmax? h. If a kinetic measurement was made using 4 nanomoles of enzyme per mL and saturating amounts of substrate, what would Vmax equal? What would Km equal under these conditions?arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. The Dimensions of Prokaryotic Cells and Their Constituents Escherichia coli cells are about 2 μm (microns) long and 0.8 μm in diameter. (Section 1.5) a. How many E. coli cells laid end to end would fit across the diameter of a pinhead? (Assume a pinhead diameter of 0.5 mm.) b. What is the volume of an E. coli cell? (Assume it is a cylinder, with the volume of a cylinder given by V=r2h , where = 3.14.) c. What is the surface area of ail E coli cell? What is the surface-to- volume ratio of an E coli cell? d. Glucose, a major energy-yielding nutrient, is present in bacterial cells at a concentration of about 1 mM. What is the concentra¬tion of glucose, expressed as mg/mL? How many glucose molecules are contained in a typical E. coli cell? (Recall that Avogadro’s number =6.0231023 .} e. A number of regulatory proteins are present in E. coli at only one or two molecules per cell. If we assume that an E. coli cell contains just one molecule of a particular protein, what is the molar concentration of this protein in the cell? If the molecular weight of this protein is 4023 , what is its concentration, expressed as mg/mL? f. An E coli cell contains about 15,000 ribosomes, which carry out protein synthesis. Assuming ribosomes are spherical and have a diameter of 20 nm (nanometers), what fraction of the E. coli cell volume is occupied by ribosomes? g. The E coli chromosome is a single DNA molecule whose mass is about 3109 daltons. This macromolecule is actually a linear array of nucleotide pairs. The average molecular weight of a nucleotide pair is 660, and each pair imparts 0.34 nm to the length of the DNA molecule. What is the total length of the E. coli chromosome? How does this length compare with the overall dimensions of an E. coli cell? How many nucleotide pairs does this DNA contain? The average E. coli protein is a linear chain of 360 amino acids. If three nucleo¬tide pairs in a gene encode one amino acid in a protein, how many different proteins can the E. coli chromosome encode? (The answer to this question is a reasonable approximation of the maximum number of different kinds of proteins that can be expected in bacteria.)arrow_forward
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Graphical Analysis of MWC Allosteric Enzyme Kinetics (Integrates with Chapter 1.1) Draw both Line weaver-Burk plots and Hanes-Woolf plots for an MWC allosteric enzyme system, showing separate curves for the kinetic response in (a) the absence of any effectors, (b) the presence of allosteric activator Λ, and (c) the presence of allosteric inhibitor I.arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Quantitative Relationships Between Rate Constants to Calculate Km, Kinetic Efficiency (kcat/Km) and Vmax - III The citric acid cycle enzyme fumarase catalyzes the conversion of fumarate to form malate. Fumarate+H2OmalateThe turnover number, kcat, for fumarase is 800/sec. The Km of fumarase for its substrate fumarate is 5M. a. In an experiment using 2 nanomole/mL of fumarase, what is Vmax? b. The cellular concentration of fumarate is 47.5 M. What is v when [fumarate] = 47.5 M? c. What is the catalytic efficiency of fumarase? d. Does fumarase approach catalytic perfection?arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. The Biosynthetic Capacity of Cells The nutritional requirements of Escherichia coli cells are far simpler than those of humans, yet the macromolecules found in bacteria are about as complex as those of animals. Because bacteria can make all their essential biomolecules while subsisting on a simpler diet, do you think bacteria may have more biosynthetic capacity and hence more metabolic complexity than animals? Organize your thoughts on this question, pro and con, into a rational argument. (Section 1.5)arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781305577206
Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chapter 7 - Human Movement Science; Author: Dr. Jeff Williams;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LlqElkn4PA4;License: Standard youtube license