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1. "One structural form used in building virus particles is based on the icosahedron. Describe, either in words or in a diagram, the organization (number of capsomers, etc.) of the simplest virus particle of this form.
2. If a virus has a negative‐sense RNA genome, what enzymatic activity (if any) will be found as part of the virion, and what will be the first step in expression of the viral genome?"
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- 1. Precise words:Find the nonspecific terms in the following sentences. Replace the nonspecific choices with more preciseterms or phrases (It is not necessary to change the sentence structure).(i) All OVE mutants showed enhanced iP concentrations.(ii) Plants were kept in the cold overnight.(iii) To provide proof of concept for our hypothesis, we studied a virus in its host cell.(iv) The present paper reports on continuing experiments that were performed to clarify thissurprising effect.(v) The first transition state is a little lower in energy than the second transition state. 2. Simple words:Improve the word choice in the following examples by replacing the underlined terms or phrases withsimpler word choices (do not change the sentence structure).(i) These data substantiate our hypothesis.(ii) The difference in our results compared to those of Reuter et al. (1995) can be accounted forby the fact that different conditions were used.(iii) For the purpose of discussing cell migration we…If a virus has a negative-sense RNA genome, what enzymatic activity (if any) will be found as part of the virion, and what will be the first step in expression of the viral genome?Give 4 examples of transcription factors / non-structural proteins you have learned in this course? Identify the most commonly used technique for diagnosing COVID-19? And the clinical sample for each technique. …….…… virus can cause encephalitis, cancer, sexually transmitted disease, infect external genitalia, mucosal surfaces, gladiatorum, and/or other diseases. How can the infection with this virus be avoided? Suggest two ways of prevention or to destroy the virus.
- If a viral host cell has a mutation that interferes with the addition of carbohydrates to proteins (glycoproteins) during processing in the Golgi apparatus, which of the following processes is most likely to occur? O A. Viruses released by that host cell would have a decreased ability to infect cells than the virus that originally infected the cell. B. The virus-encoded protease would be unable to cleave large viral proteins into smaller, functional polypeptides. OC. The virus would be unable to replicate within the host cell. D. Viruses released by that cell are novel and would result in infections with higher mortality rates.a. How are viral envelopes formed? Why are enveloped viruses that infect plants and bacteria rare? b. Outline the life cycle options of a temperate phage upon entering a host cell. c. Consider the 5 steps of a virus life cycle. List three structures and/or processes that are unique to viruses and would make good drug targets for an antiviral agent. Explain your rationale for each choice.You are studying a new retrovirus. The viral protein (X) appears to play a role in the export of the viral genomes to the cytoplasm. Protein X brings viral DNA to the cytoplasm and returns back to the nucleus after genome export is complete. Researchers have developed a new drug for the virus. Following treatment with the new drug, the viral protein stays in the nucleus and cannot export the viral genomes. What is the most plausible and logical function of the drug? Use your knowledge of nuclear transport to answer this question. O A. The drug inhibits the binding of the viral protein and the viral genomes to the import receptor. B. The drug inhibits the binding of Ran-GTP to the nuclear export receptor in nucleus. C. The drug promotes the Ran GAP activity. D. The drug blocks the NLS on the viral protein.
- 87) For a the viral proteins a. If the viral protein is made in the RER, it will go back to the nucleus b. IF they have nuclear localization sequence they will go to the nucleus c. The nuclear localization sequence can be either simple or bipartite of conserved leucine d. If the viral protein is made by free ribosome, most likely it will go to the surface of the ot the cell.27. Class VI animal viruses include HIV, Based on the type of viral genome, how is this class distinguished from the other classes of animal virus? A) It has double stranded RNA. B) It has single stranded RNA that serves as mRNA (positive sense). C) It has single stranded RNA that serves as a template for the synthesis of DNA. D) It has single stranded RNA that serves as a template for mRNA (anti-sense). does HIVHuman Papillomaviruses has of many strains. Some of them cause warts while others can cause cancer. The question is why some strains cause cancer and others cause relatively harmless warts. Please mention the status of the viral genome (or parts of it), such as integrated or free, and the action of the viral oncogenes in terms of promoting cell division (when it would normally be controlled). And what proteins do the products of the viral oncogenes target? And also what is their normal function?
- 7. Cells produce mRNA by transcription of their DNA genomes. In contrast, single-stranded RNA genome viruses have three different strategies with respect to viral mRNA production. Briefly describe the production of mRNA for each of the following viruses. a. Poliovirus b. Vesicular stomatitis virus c. Rous sarcoma virus 8. Infection of a human with influenza virus can trigger both host defense systems: the interferon response and the immune response. In the table below, indicate with a “Yes" or a “No" regarding which of the events is characteristic of which defense system (either, both, or neither). The Interferon Immune Event The Response Response Both host and viral mRNA are degraded in the cell after infection. A fragment of viral protein in complex with major histocompatibility complex type I is displayed on the surface of the infected cell. The virally infected cell dies. Capped mRNA is no longer translated in the infected cell."You wish to produce a subunit vaccine for a nonenveloped positive‐sense RNA virus that will stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies in the person receiving it. Indicate which of the following viral proteins would be a logical candidate for such a subunit vaccine, and state a brief justification. a. Viral capsomer proteinb. Viral protein that is bound to the RNA genome inside of the virionc. Viral RNA polymerase"8. Another unique feature of coronaviruses is usage of a -1 ribosomal frameshift. Explain this frameshift and its significance for the expression of all 16 Nsp proteins, and what two signals drive the -1 ribosomal frameshift?