Some orally active drugs do not obey the rule of five. For example, some polar drugs with a molecular weight between 200 and 500 are found to be orally active. Which of the following mechanisms is the most likely reason for this? Select one: a. Ion channels. b. Passage through pores between the cells of the gut wall. c. Transport by transport proteins. d. Pinocytosis.
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- For each of the following examples, indicate whether the drug is acting on physical process, chemical process or enzymatic system (your answer should be only; Physical, Chemical or Enzymatic). A. A drug is used as an antidote in lead poisoning and acts by binding to lead particles in body (chelation therapy). B. A drug acts to reduce flatulence and acts by reducing the surface tension of intestinal gas bubbles in the GI tract (e.g. Simethicone). C. A drug competes with alpha-glucosidase in intestine to reduce glucose conversion from disaccharides (e.g. Acarbose).The chloramphenicol MICs for E. coli and S. aureus are similar if not identical. Which ONE of the following best describes the activities of chloramphenicol against E. coli and S. aureus? Select one: A. Chloramphenicol is lipophilic drug able to traverse water-filled porins in the outer and cytoplasmic membranes to reach its target in the cell cytoplasm B. Chloramphenicol is a lipophilic drug able to traverse bacterial membranes to reach its target in the cytoplasm C. Chloramphenicol is hydrophilic drug able to traverse water-filled porins in the outer and cytoplasmic membranes to reach its target in the cell cytoplasm D. Chloramphenicol is unable to traverse bacterial membranes and consequently both organisms are resistant to the drug E. Chloramphenicol is a hydrophilic drug able to traverse bacterial membranes to reach its target in the cytoplasmWhat structural characteristics of mucopolysaccharides facilitate the removal of pathogens? A. Mucopolyssacharides contain many negatively charged groups, which can interact with positively charged proteins. B. Mucopolysaccharides have hydrophilic groups that can interact with large amounts of water and accommodate these in flexible structures facilitating excretion from the cell. C. Mucopolysaccharides have flexible structures because these are not covalently linked in proteoglycans. D. Both A. and B. E. All of these.
- What is the main function of anti-oxidant compounds? Select one: a. They donate hydrogen ions to free radicals b. They aid in metabolism by stripping electrons from carbohydrates and fatty acids c. They help reduce concentration of HDL in the blood d. They interfere with function of lipoprotein lipaseAmoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…Amoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit cofilin/ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…
- Investigate and create an infographic about how cassava can cause poisoning in our bodies. Here are your guide questions: 1) What are cyanoglycosides ? What are its natural sources? 2)What is present in the cassava that can affect the Electron transport system? Explain briefly the mechanism of action of this substance? 3) How does the poison affect the central nervous system and red blood cells? 4) What are the symptoms and possible remedy for this kind of poisoning? You have to support your report with information coming from books, or you can use sources coming from the internet, but make sure to get it from credible sites. You may also place pictures or illustrations in your report. Make the information simple, concise, and straight to the point. Do not forget to cite the references using the APA format.Consider the decapeptide angiotensin I.a. What products are formed when angiotensin I is treated with trypsin?b. What products are formed when angiotensin I is treated with chymotrypsin?c. Treatment of angiotensin I with ACE (the angiotensin-converting enzyme) cleaves only the amide bond with the carbonyl group derived from phenylalanine to afford two products. The larger polypeptide is angiotensin II, a hormone that narrows blood vessels and increases blood pressure. Give the amino acid sequence of angiotensin II using three-letter abbreviations. ACE inhibitors are drugs that lower blood pressure by inhibiting the ACE enzymeInfluenza viruses are surrounded by a membrane that contains a fusion protein, which is activated by acidic pH. Upon activation, the protein causes the viral membrane to fuse with cell membranes. An old folk remedy against flu recommends that one should spend a night in a horse’s stable. Odd as it may sound, there is a rational explanation for this advice. Air in stables contains ammonia (NH3) generated by bacteria in the horse’s urine. Sketch a diagram showing the pathway (in detail) by which flu virus enters cells, and speculate how NH3 may protect cells from virus infection.
- The biomolecular interaction between protein receptors and ligands is similar to that of en- zymes and substrates, which depends in part on the shape of the protein. The shape of a protein, in turn, depends on the presence of appropriate chemical bonds in the protein. Many common medications function by altering the interactions between protein receptors and ligands, thereby interfering with the normal response of a cell to specific signals. Which of the following best describes a mechanism by which a drug might interfere with a normal cellular response? A B A medication causes the cell to become more permeable and unable to maintain the conditions that allow a normal response. с A medication interrupts the electron transport chain in a cell and makes it unable to syn- thesize sufficient ATP. D A medication enters the nucleus of a cell and alters the nucleic sequence for a specific receptor protein. A medication enters a target cell and acts as an inhibitor to an intercellular protein…Glucose 6-Pase is an enzyme present in liver cells but not in muscle cells. The enzyme is bound to the endoplasmic reticulum which forms microsomes when the cells are hydrolyzed. Which of the following is the first critical step in isolating the glucose 6-Pase? A. Preparing the appropriate buffer for isolating the enzyme. B. Identifying the tissue from which to isolate the enzyme of interest and from which additional purification techniques can be applied. O C. Determining the appropriate method or reagent to lyse the cell O D. Obtaining the fraction from the cell which probably contains the enzyme. E. Determining the appropriate chromatographic method to remove contaminating proteins or other biomoleculesAnswer the following using the picture attached: A. How does pepsin differ from chymotrypsin in terms of its active site residues and mechanism? B. How do these changes permit pepsin to operate at such a low pH?