Antigenic shifts in influenza viruses are represented by dra-matic changes in the viral antigens. It is likely they arise fromrare events in which:(a) Two different influenza viruses infect a cell at the sametime(b) Two separate viruses undergo lysogenic conversion(c) Two viruses conjugate(d) Mutations accumulate(e) All of the above

Q: Which cells are recruited from the bloodstream to the connective tissue (under the respiratory…

A: Macrophages cells are responsible from the blood stream to connective tissue to phagocyte the viral…

Q: Medications that prevent and treat influenza by binding to neuraminidase on the viral surface act…

A: Influenza is a respiratory system (lungs, throat, and nose) based viral infection. In severe cases,…

Q: Briefly describe why herpes simplex viruses (HSVS) cause chronic lytic infections that typically…

A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…

Q: Enveloped viruses, which have a membrane coat,gain access to the cytosol by fusing with a cell…

A: Viruses do not come under the categories of Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes as they exhibit the dual…

Q: Are the HIV-1 protease inhibitors transition state analogs? Why or why not?

A: A drug that resembles the substrate portion of transition state of a reaction normally catalyzed by…

Q: How might the virus target host-cell Z-DNA formation to block the synthesis of antiviral proteins?

A: Antiviral proteins are proteins formed by animal or human cells that are responsible for the…

Q: Most humans are not easily infected by avian influenza. How, then, do DNA sequences from avian…

A: Deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material of most organisms that carry coded genetic…

Q: The presence of non-self molecular patterns in different structures or regions of bacteral cell…

A: Pathogens  They are the harmful organisms which produces abnormalities in the other organism like…

Q: Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and…

A: Antigenic Drift - The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code…

Q: Compare and contrast the roles of fully spliced, incompletelyspliced, and unspliced HIV RNA. Which…

A:

Q: Include the steps in the correct order from attachment to lysis.

A: (Note: You have add multiple question, I am sorry but I can able to answer only one question at a…

Q: virus infects evolve to have the viral receptors

A: virus receptor can be defined as a host cell surface component recognized by the virus as a gateway…

Q: Explain by drawing or pictures the structure of influenza A virus subtype H1N1?

A: The influenza A virus subtype H1N1 was responsible for the 2009 swine flu outbreak. This outbreak…

Q: If you get infected with the Covid-19 virus, cellular immunity is better designed to fight virally…

A: * corona virus COVID -19 have single stranded positive RNA enveloped virus. *Coronaviruses shows…

Q: From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Each year, the flu vaccine includes antigens from two…

A: Introduction: A vaccination is a drug which is prepared biologically  that gives people active…

Q: 1."What protein structural features are involved in the antigenic nature of epitopes?

A: Epitopes :- (non-self, foreign protein portion) Epitopes are the region of the immunogen or the…

Q: Genome sequences show that some pathogenic bacteriacontain virulence genes that promote disease next…

A: Lateral gene transfer (also called horizontal gene transfer) has played an important role in…

Q: Between Influenza and Covid-19 name one similarity of antigenic shift and one difference between the…

A: They both have similar disease presentation,  that is they both cause respiratory disease.Secondly…

Q: What is the function of the Matrix protein during rabies virus pathogenesis?

A: Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that is responsible for causing rabies disease in humans as well…

Q: 29. In lecture, we discussed some of the new platforms for COVID-19 vaccines. Adenovirus-vector…

A: Vaccines are agents that enable an individual to gain active acquired immunity against a specific…

Q: Compare and contrast antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza viruses.

A: Influenza virus is well known for its ability to change its genetic composition. Antigenic drift…

Q: Why does vaccination provide long-lasting protectionagainst a disease, while gamma globulin (IgG)…

A: At the time of vaccination a weak form of pathogen is introduced into the body. In response of that…

Q: Why are host cell antiviral responses that target double-stranded RNA effective against single-…

A: The host cell's antivirus response against RNA viruses target enzymes used by RNA virusesto stop…

Q: Why might a virus encode its own version of an MHC class I molecule?

A: To determine: To determine why a virus encode its own version of an MHC class I molecule

Q: You wish to produce a subunit vaccine for a nonenveloped positive‐sense RNA virus that will…

A: * There are two kinds of viruses based on presence of outer layer  Enveloped virus  Non enveloped…

Q: The assembly of new viral capsomeres and nucleic acid molecules take place with the help of an…

A: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells. A virus is idle…

Q: If a single bacteriophage infects one E. coli cell present in a cultureof bacteria and, upon lysis,…

A: single bacteriophage infects one E. coli cell present in a cultureof bacteria. Upon lysis it yields…

Q: Explain why a new influenza vaccine is preparedeach year and consists of several components.

A: Influenza is commonly denoted as flu virus that infects birds and mammals that affect the lower and…

Q: One of the key biological characteristics of SARS-COV-2, as well as several other viruses, is the…

A: SARS-CoV-2 uses several members of Protein as active antigens. One of the most important is the…

Q: What are 3 components of a SARS-CoV-2 virus particle that must be present in order for the viral…

A: Coronavirus illness 19 is caused by a virus that produces a respiratory ailment (COVID-19).…

Q: Several cell culture lines of epithelial cells, called “Cell Line A, B, or C,” are incubated with…

A: Epithelial cells are present on the surfaces and line the inner surface of the body, such as the…

Q: latent infection by animal viruses is most similar to which of the following events: lytic life…

A: A virus particle only consists of the viral genome enclosed in a protein coat. Enveloped viruses…

Q: hich of the four major structural proteins, namely spike (S), membrane (M), and envelope (E), is the…

A: Details about Targets , frequency and durability of coronavirus vaccine is given below with…

Q: Replication of both strands of DNA in adenoviruses occurs ina continuous (leading) fashion. How can…

A: Adenovirus is the most common virus which causes common cold and flu. Adenovirus has a broad range…

Q: describe or gicve at least 2 other therapeutic strategies that employ knowledge of pathways allowing…

A: The process of entry into a host cell is a key step in the life cycle of the most of the viruses. In…

Q: From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Each the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of…

A: A vaccine is a biological product that provides people with active acquired immunity to a specific…

Q: Match the pathogen in column A with its mode of evasion or subversion of the immune system.

A: Introduction: By effectively evading the host's immune reactions, a bacterium becomes a pathogen,…

Q: Chapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions16. Bacteriophage: Compare and contrast virulent…

A: The virus is a small infection-causing organism that multiplies inside the cells of an organism.…

Q: Which of the following statements concerning antigenic drift in influenza viruses is correct? A-It…

A: Antigenic drift can be defined as small mutations in the genes of the influenza viruses that can…

Q: Compare Influenza A, Influenza B, SARS-Cov2, and a common cold virus. Include:   Structure…

A: A virus refers to the infectious pathogen that replicates only inside the living host cell. The size…

Q: How does the M2 protein of influenza viruses promote the uncoating of virus particles during the…

A: At the time of the entry of the influenza virus, uncoating of its ribonucleoprotein core is promoted…

Q: Why do you suppose that the influenza virus protein that binds the virus toan infected cell is…

A: The influenza virus protein that binds the virus to diseased or infected cell is called…

Q: Hybridoma technology allows one to generatemonoclonal antibodies to virtually any protein. Why isit,…

A: Introduction Hybridoma is a culture of hybrid cells made up of B cells and myeloma cells fused…

Q: In influenza virus, what is antigenic shift and how does it occur?

A: Influenza is a common viral infection that is caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,…

Q: What are the receptors used by influenza viruses? Q. Host Receptor: Q. Describe the changes that…

A: Influenza virus It is the most important member of the family Orthomyxoviridae.  There are three…

Q: Explain in detail about Sequence of host reaction following implantation of medical devices or…

A: Biomaterial refers to the medical device implanted in the living tissue. When biomaterials are…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.