Albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. Assume that there are 300 albinos (aa) in a population of 1,000,000. Based on this information, give the allele frequencies for both the recessive gene (a) and the dominant gene (A). Use this information to determine how many individuals (out of 1,000,000) would be expected to be non-carriers and how many would be expected to be unaffected carriers of the albinism trait under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions.
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- Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive autosomal disorder. In certainpopulations of Northern European descent, the number of peopleborn with this disorder is about 1 in 2500. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this trait:A. What are the frequencies for the common (non-disease-causing)allele and the mutant (disease-causing) allele.B. What are the genotype frequencies of homozygous unaffected,heterozygous, and homozygous affected individuals?C. Assuming random mating, what is the probability that twophenotypically unaffected heterozygous carriers will chooseeach other as mates?The cystic fibrosis allele is recessive. The frequency of cystic fibrosis is 0.000484, or about one in 2000 people. Calculate the allele frequencies. What portion of people are carriers (heterozygotes) for cystic fibrosis?Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive autosomal disorder. In certain populations of Northern European descent, the number of people born with this disorder is about 1 in 2500. Assuming Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium for this trait: A. What are the frequencies for the normal and CF alleles? B. What are the genotype frequencies of homozygous normal, heterozygous, and homozygous affected individuals? C. Assuming random mating, what is the probability that two phenotypically unaffected heterozygous carriers will choose each other as mates?
- Identify each of the following as an example of allele, genotype, and/or phenotype frequency: A. Approximately 1 in 2500 people of Northern European descent is born with cystic fibrosis. B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in West Africa is approximately 13%. C. The number of new mutations for achondroplasia, a genetic disorder, is approximately 5 × 10–5.Identify each of the following as an example of allele, genotype,and/or phenotype frequency:A. Approximately 1 in 2500 individuals of Northern Europeandescent is born with cystic fibrosis.B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in WestAfrica is approximately 13%.C. The number of new mutations per generation resultingin achondroplasia, a genetic disorder, is approximately5 × 10−5.In a population of 1000 individuals, 180 have kinky hair, 360 have wavy hairy, and the rest have straight hair. Let us assume that hair type is governed by a pair of alleles, and there are two types of alleles, S (kinky) and s (straight), with the heterozygote condition being wavy. Compute for the allelic frequencies for hair type in the population. Albinism is a rare genetic condition, occurring in only one in every 17,000 to 22,000 individuals in the world (Campbell et al. 2003; Gronskov et al. 2007). a. What can you conclude about the allelic frequency of the a allele globally? b. Where do you think the a allele would be more commonly found, among the heterozygotes (Aa) or the homozygote recessives (aa)? Why do you say so?
- In a population of 1000 individuals, 180 have kinky hair, 360 have wavy hairy, and the rest have straight hair. Let us assume that hair type is governed by a pair of alleles, and there are two types of alleles, S (kinky) and s (straight), with the heterozygote condition being wavy. Compute for the allelic frequencies for hair type in the population. Albinism is a rare genetic condition, occurring in only one in every 17,000 to 22,000 individuals in the world (Campbell et al. 2003; Gronskov et al. 2007). a. What happens to an individual who is albino (aa) or who has very low or lacks melanin pigments in the hair, skin and eyes? b. Based on your answer in c, how would you explain the frequency of the a allele?Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by two copies of a mutated CFTR gene. If one in 100 (hypothetical scenario, not reality) people in the United States have cystic fibrosis, calculate the p and q frequency for the normal allele (p) and the mutated allele (q). Based on those calculations, what percentage of individuals would be expected to be homozygous dominant?Albinos produce very little of the pigment melanin in their skin and hair. Albinism is inherited as a homozygous recessive trait. In North America, about 1 in 20,000 people are albinos. a. What is the frequency of the dominant allele for albinism?b. What is the frequency of albinos?c. What is the frequency of heterozygotes?
- Alkaptonuria is a recessive autosomal genetic disorder associated with darkening of the urine. In the United States, approximately 1 out of every 250,000people has alkaptonuria.a. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, estimatethe frequency of the allele responsible for this trait.b. What proportion of people in the U.S. populationare carriers for this trait? In this population, whatis the ratio of carriers to individuals affected byalkaptonuria?c. If a woman without alkaptonuria had a child withthis trait with one husband then remarried, what isthe chance that a child produced by her secondmarriage would have alkaptonuria?d. Alkaptonuria is a relatively benign condition, sothere is little selective advantage to individualswith any genotype; as a result, your assumptionof Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in part (a) is reasonable. Could you also use the assumption ofHardy-Weinberg equilibrium to estimate the allelefrequencies and carrier frequencies of more severerecessive autosomal conditions…Albinism is a rare genetic condition, occurring in only one in every 17,000 to 22,000 individuals in the world (Campbell et al. 2003; Gronskov et al. 2007).a. What can you conclude about the allelic frequency of the a allele globally?b. Where do you think the a allele would be more commonly found, among the heterozygotes (Aa) or the homozygote recessives (aa)? Why do you say so?c. What happens to an individual who is albino (aa) or who has very low or lacks melanin pigments in the hair, skin and eyes?d. Based on your answer in c, how would you explain the frequency of the a allele?In a population of 1000 individuals, 150 have kinky hair, 460 have wavy hairy, and the rest have straight hair. Let us assume that hair type is governed by a pair of alleles, and there are two types of alleles, S (kinky) and s (straight), with the heterozygote condition being wavy. Compute for the allelic frequencies for hair type in the population.