Actinomycin D inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. This antibiotic is added to a bacterial culture in which a specific protein is being monitored. Compared to a control culture, into which no antibiotic is added, translation of the protein declines over a period of 20 minutes, until no further protein is made. Explain these result
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Actinomycin D inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. This
antibiotic is added to a bacterial culture in which a specific protein
is being monitored. Compared to a control culture, into which no
antibiotic is added, translation of the protein declines over a period
of 20 minutes, until no further protein is made. Explain these
results.
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- Each species of bacteria has its own distinctive cell surface. Thecharacteristics of the cell surface play an important role in processessuch as conjugation and transduction. For example, certainstrains of E. coli have pili on their cell surface. These pili enableE. coli to conjugate with other E. coli and also enable certain bacteriophages (such as M13) to bind to the surface of the E. coli andgain entry into the cytoplasm. With these ideas in mind, explainwhich forms of genetic transfer (i.e., conjugation, transduction,and transformation) are more likely to occur between different speciesof bacteria. Discuss some of the potential consequences ofinterspecies genetic transfer.Antibiotic resistance can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another. Describe how this process can occur.Please briefly explain the initiation of trancriptionin bacteria
- nich TWO of the following statements about Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases are CORRECT? O Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases can inactivate all B-lactam antibiotics except third generation antibiotics in this family. O Genetic material encoding for extended spectrum ß-lactamases are easily transferred to other bacteria via transduction. O Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases are frequently produced in Klebsiella sp. and Escherichia coli strains. O Many Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases are not inhibited by clavulanic acid and other B-lactamase inhibitors. OSome Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases-producing E. coli are still sensitive to penicillins. OA new class of Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases has emerged and these have been widely detected among S. epidermidis. O Extended Spectrum ß-lactamases are not effective against the cephalosporin family of antibiotics.Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenesAs described in Figure, host DNA is hydrolyzed into smallpieces, which are occasionally assembled with phage proteins, creatinga phage with bacterial chromosomal DNA. If the breakage ofthe chromosomal DNA is not random (i.e., it is more likely tobreak at certain spots as opposed to other spots), how might nonrandombreakage affect cotransduction frequency?
- A bacterium can protect itself against antibiotics in different ways. Describe 4 fundamentally differentmechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Discuss whether there are any basicdifferences or similarities between these 4 mechanisms and, if so, describe them.Within the light organ, bacteria are protected and nourished, and rapidly increase in number. At night, theyprovide the light needed for counterillumination. But by dawn, as the squid prepares to hide in the sand forthe day, it ejects about 95% of the bacteria from the light organ. a) Write a possible explanation for why eliminating 95% of the bacteria present in the light organ isnecessary. b) Once the light organ is colonized, the squid no longer takes in Vibrio fischeri or other bacteria from theenvironment. Explain how a sufficiently large population of bacteria can be maintained in the light organto produce light.Being composed of molecules identical to certain ones already present in a host, the bacterial capsule allows it to... O induce an inflammatory immune response in the host Oresist engulfment by immune cells when they are activated distribute antibiotic resistence plasmids en mass Obe overlooked by immune cells and considered a native component of the host
- Host DNA is digested into small pieces, which are occasionally assembled with phage proteins, creating a phage with bacterial chromosomal DNA. If the breakage of the chromosomal DNA is not random (i.e., it is more likely tobreak at certain spots as opposed to other spots), how might suchnonrandom breakage affect cotransduction frequency?Diseases that involve biofilm-producing bacteria are of serious concern. They are not as easily treated compared with those involving free-floating (or planktonic) bacteria. Explain three reasons why biofilm formers are more pathogenic. Brian goes to the hospital after not feeling well for a week. He has a fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) and complains of nausea and a constant migraine. Distinguish between the signs and symptoms of disease in Brian’s case.Under cellular conditions, dATP can be oxidized to its 2-hydroxy form, which is a substrate for an enzyme that converts 2-OH-dATP to 2-OH-dAMP + PPi. Explain why compounds that inhibit the activity of this enzyme would be eff ective anticancer agents.