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- 4. Laffer Curve In the 1980s, President Reagan based his tax and spending policies on supply side economics. The idea behind supply side economics is the marginal tax rate is so high it discourages work. Cutting the tax rate would end up increasing tax revenue. We develop a simple model of this idea to determine the restrictions on the utility function required to generate a Laffer curve. Let 7 denote the tax rate, w the real wage rate, and n the labor supply. The tax revenue is T = wnt where wn is labor income, which is the tax base. For convenience, assume w is constant. There is no reason for this assumption to be true, but we impose it to focus on the restrictions on the utility function to generate the Laffer curve. As the tax rate T increases, workers substitute toward leisure and away from consumption. Hence as T rises, wn falls and tax revenue falls for high enough tax rates. Let U, V satisfy the standard assumptions. The model is static and households are endowed with one unit…2. Consider a society with only two people one rich and one poor-who have the same util- ity functions. These utility functions exhibit diminishing marginal utility. Suppose that taxes are set such that the total amount of utility that each person loses is the same. Does it follow that the tax will be progressive? Explain.President Biden has proposed a $2.2 trillion Infrastructure package to repair roads and bridges. Some policy analysts think that at least one part of the funding will be an increase in the federal excise tax on gasoline. Suppose the size of this increase in excise tax is written as t. Using a graph analyze and explain the impact of this t dollars per gallon increase in excise tax on gasoline. Which of the curve(s), if any, would shift, and why? Graphically, show the new equilibrium price and quantity (labeling it P1 and Q1). At the new equilibrium, please determine how much of the tax increase was borne by gasoline consumers and how much was absorbed by gasoline sellers? Indicate the incidence of taxation for both consumers and sellers on the graph and explain. What will determine whether consumers or sellers will bear a higher relative burden of taxation? Please explain in detail.
- 6. Consider an economy with a straight line PPF. Show how an increase in government spending paid for by an increase in lump sum labor taxes affects outcomes. Do the same for an increase in government spending financed by a proportional income tax. Explain, by add of a graph as well as an explanation, why one of these will have larger welfare effects for the same increase in government spendingAssume the following behavioral equations for a macroeconomy: C = 100 + .9Yd, l = 50, T= $100 and G = $40 from the above behavioral equation tax multiplier is Select one: O a. 1 b. none of the options O c. 10 O d. 97 Consider a model in which an individual lives only two periods. This person has diminishing marginal utility of consumption and receives an income of $20,000 in period 1 and an income of $5,000 in period 2. The private interest rate is 10 percent per period, and this person can borrow or lend money at this rate. Also assume that this person intends to consume all of his income over his lifetime. a. Give a hypothetical numerical example of what a person’s optimal consumption would be over these two periods. In answering this question, what assumptions did you make?
- Question: How can there be "Autonomous Spending" even when a person has zero income? O a) All of the above are correct. b) People need to consume at least a minimum to stay alive. UO People need a certain level of consumption even if they do not have income. O d) People spend money from their savings, borrowing or from unemployment or pension pay.Felice lives and works for two periods. In the first period, she earns 520 coconuts and in thesecond period, she earns 570 coconuts. In each period, she pays 20 coconuts in taxes.a. Suppose that Felice can save or borrow from a bank at the same interest rate of 10%.Suppose also that she likes to consume today 240 coconuts. Draw herbudget constraint including both intercepts, her endowment point including its coordinates,and use an indifference curve to show her optimal consumption point and its coordinates.b. Suppose that the government cuts taxes by 10 coconuts. What will the government haveto do to taxes in the future period to meet its lifetime budget constraint?c. What is the effect of the government’s action on Felice’s lifetime wealth, budgetconstraint and endowment point? Show and explain.d. What is the effect of the tax cut on her current consumption and welfare? Does theRicardian equivalence hold? Explain!e. Now suppose that the economy enters a recession, and some people…Felice lives and works for two periods. In the first period, she earns 520 coconuts and in the second period, she earns 570 coconuts. In each period, she pays 20 coconuts in taxes.a. Suppose that Felice can save or borrow from a bank at the same interest rate of 10%. Suppose also that she likes to consume today 240 coconuts. Draw herbudget constraint including both intercepts, her endowment point including its coordinates, and use an indifference curve to show her optimal consumption point and its coordinates.b. Suppose that the government cuts taxes by 10 coconuts. What will the government have to do to taxes in the future period to meet its lifetime budget constraint?c. What is the effect of the government’s action on Felice’s lifetime wealth, budget constraint and endowment point? Show and explain.d. What is the effect of the tax cut on her current consumption and welfare? Does the Ricardian equivalence hold? Explain!e. Now suppose that the economy enters a recession, and some…
- Felice lives and works for two periods. In the first period, she earns 520 coconuts and in the second period, she earns 570 coconuts. In each period, she pays 20 coconuts in taxes.a. Suppose that Felice can save or borrow from a bank at the same interest rate of 10%. Suppose also that she likes to consume today 240 coconuts. Draw herbudget constraint including both intercepts, her endowment point including its coordinates, and use an indifference curve to show her optimal consumption point and its coordinates.b. Suppose that the government cuts taxes by 10 coconuts. What will the government have to do to taxes in the future period to meet its lifetime budget constraint?c. What is the effect of the government’s action on Felice’s lifetime wealth, budget constraint and endowment point? Show and explain.d. What is the effect of the tax cut on her current consumption and welfare? Does the Ricardian equivalence hold? Explain!e. Now suppose that the economy enters a recession, and some…Butget Constraint Slope 2/1 GoodF The graph above shows budget constraints comparing an income- in-kind assistance for Good F and direct cash assistance of identical dollar value. How much is the dollar value of the income-in-kind assistance? O a. $10 O b. $20 O c. $70 $80 determined from the graphThe expression, M = PXX+ PYY is called a budget constraint where M = amount of money available for expenditure; PX= price of commodity X; PY= price of commodity Y; PXX= expenditure on commodity X; PYY= expenditure on commodity Y. Use M = PXX+PYY to express Y as a function of X and note that the graph of this function is called a budget line. Algebraically derive: (1) the y-intercept; (2) the x-intercept. State what determines the slope of the budget line. Graph the function for M = 120; PX= 3; PY= 5 andshow what happens to the original budget line if M decreases by 25% with PX, PY constant.