Protein Synthesis Essay

Each gene acts as a code, or set of instructions, for making a particular protein. They tell the cell what to do, give its characteristics, and determine the way its body works. Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids. This means that the number and order of amino acids is different for each type of protein. The proteins fold into different shapes. The different shapes and sequences give the proteins different functions, e.g. keratin are a fibrous protein found in hair and nails. If the gene has even the slightest of disorder within its sequence it could lead to an inaccurate order of amino acids

VOCABULARY: Without using the internet, write the definition for the words you know. Then if you have blanks look them up in your textbook. (middle of the book A)

Translation is a task that makes ribosomes synthesize proteins utilizing mRNA transcript made during transcription. In the begining of this task mRNA attaches it self to a ribosome so that it can be reveal a codon (three nucleotides).

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2. We measured 1 mL of turnip peroxidase (the enzyme) and 3 mL of neutral buffer (pH corresponding to the test tube number i.e. pH 5 in test tube 5) with a syringe and disposed it into tubes 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10

Proteins are the metabolic workhorses of the cell; they engage in a variety of essential activities ranging from enzymatically catabolizing macromolecular food sources to serving as structural components that maintain cell stability. Maximizing protein function relies on intricate non-covalent interactions occurring on the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels that help determine the overall shape of the protein. In their native states, proteins will assume the most energetically favorable configuration. Occasionally however, cells are exposed to exogenous disruptions such as heat stress. Heat Stress can compromise protein three-dimensional structure. Hydrophobic residues tend to be buried in the interior of the protein but when

The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids, the biuret reaction tests for protein. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a sample then a few drops of copper sulphate solution, if positive – the solution will turn mauve. There are 20 different amino acids and they can be joined in any order. Therefore there can be many different functions. A protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains (a polypeptide chain being multiple amino acids joined together via condensation, producing a peptide bond). Different proteins have different shapes as the shapes are determined by the sequence of amino acids.

The structure of an enzyme as protein has a primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structure. The primary structure of an enzyme, like any protein, is the order of its amino acids. The secondary structure involves alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Alpha helices are a coil that is formed by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid. Beta pleated sheets are formed by hydrogen bonding between two or more parts of the polypeptide chain that are side by side. The tertiary structure contains disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds. Disulfide bridges are the result of two sulfhydryl groups interacting because the the folding of the protein. Ionic bonds can form between polar groups on amino acids. Hydrophobic interactions are the cluster of amino acids with nonpolar side chains that is commonly seen in proteins. Hydrogen bonds can also form. The quaternary structure of an enzyme is when multiple proteins are bonded together in one complex made of proteins subunits.

“Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic functions” [1], “that speed up or slow down reactions”[2], “indispensable to maintenance and activity of life”[1]. They are each very specific, and will only work when a particular substrate fits in their active site. An active site is “a region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs”[2].

The tertiary structure of a protein molecule, or of a subunit of a protein molecule, is the arrangement of all its atoms in space, without regard to its relationship with neighboring molecules or subunits. Tertiary structure is simply the grouping of different separate secondary structures, such as multiple helices or multiple sheets or a combination of helices and sheets.

It provides a base triplet, a sequence of three bases on one of the strands of DNA, that code for one amino acid. The sequence of base triplets on DNA molecules determines the order of the amino acids on the protein chain. In the first phase of transcription, the first process of protein synthesis that occurs in the nucleolus, a portion of a DNA molecule unwinds and serves as a template. Free nucleotides floating in the nucleoplasm pair up with their complimentary bases on the DNA strand.

Living organisms need proteins in their diet to help the body repair cells and make new ones. The basic structure of protein is a chain of amino acids. When two amino acids join together a dipeptide is formed but when more than two amino acids are joined together a polypeptide is formed. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides. Proteins are large molecules made up of the elements hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. Types of proteins include, structural proteins, contractile proteins, hormones, enzymes, antibodies and transport proteins. Some functions of proteins are movement in muscles, tendons and ligaments. Enzymes make biological reactions possible and hormones regulate metabolism. The protein shape determines its function.Proteins

The Functions of Proteins Introduction Protein accounts for about three-fourths of the dry matter in human tissues other than fat and bone. It is a major structural component of hair, skin, nails, connective tissues, and body organs. It is required for practically every essential function in the body. Proteins are made from the following elements; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and often sulphur and phosphorus.

They are known to be the workhorses of the body cell that carries out diverse catalytic and structural roles into building the structures of all living organisms [15]. The basic structure of protein is a chain of amino acids that supplies energy to a body. There are 20 different naturally occurring amino acids that make all types of protein. Proteins come in various sizes and shapes. Some comes in a thread-like shape known as fibrous proteins and they tend to have structural or mechanical roles. Others come in spherical shapes, known as the globular proteins [16]. These spherical proteins function as enzymes, transport proteins, or antibodies. The key function of protein is based on its ability to recognize and bind specific ally to molecules, it also need to be in the right shape in other to function properly [15]. The primary structure of proteins is a linear sequence of amino acids encoded by DNA. This sequence controls how protein folds into three dimensional structure, the stability of its resulting structure [17], and functions. It is important to add that protein is an important building block of bones, skin, blood and

Enzymes are an important part of all metabolic reactions in the body. They are catalytic proteins, able to increase the rate of a reaction, without being consumed in the process of doing so (Campbell 96). This allows the enzyme to be used again in another reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy, the energy needed to break the chemical bonds between reactants allowing them to combine with other substances and form products (Campbell 100). In this experiment the enzyme used was acid phosphates (ACP), and the substrate was p-nitrophenyl phosphate.