Foundations in Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259705212
Author: Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Instructor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8.L2, Problem 2VC
2. Look at the two figure parts (a) and (b) from figure 8.8 (reproduced below), and explain what processes are depicted and what the results of the reactions will be.
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9. Refer to the following equation:
CO2 + H2O → HCO3 + H
What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
4. Consider the reaction:
OH
CH
H3C
O
C
H₂
a. What kind of reaction is being performed here?
H3C C
H₂
b. What enzyme performs this reaction?
c. What cofactors, if any, are required for this reaction?
1.
a) Fill in the blanks: a ____________ reaction is one that requires energy input, whereas a spontaneous reaction is one that _____________ energy. A spontaneous reaction is also called an ___________ reaction, whereas an endergonic reaction requires energy input.
b) Briefly, why do living cells and organisms require an input of energy?
c) How do animals like humans get their energy if they cannot obtain it directly from the sun like photosynthetic organisms? How do bacteria obtain energy?
d) Chemical energy is the form of energy we will discuss. Where is the chemical energy stored in a molecule of glucose?
Chapter 8 Solutions
Foundations in Microbiology
Ch. 8.1 - 1. Define metabolism and differentiate its two...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2ELOCh. 8.1 - 3. outline the prominent characteristics of...Ch. 8.1 - 4. Explain how enzymes lower the energy required...Ch. 8.1 - 5. Discuss enzyme structure, and interactions...Ch. 8.1 - 6. Describe the types of enzyme functions and...Ch. 8.1 - 7. Summarize key features of enzyme regulation.Ch. 8.1 - 1. Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism...Ch. 8.1 - 2. Describe 10 important biochemical properties of...Ch. 8.1 - 3. Describe the chemistry of enzymes, and explain...
Ch. 8.1 - 4. Show diagrammatically the interaction of...Ch. 8.1 - 5. Differentiate among the chemical composition...Ch. 8.1 - 6. Summarize the direct and indirect controls that...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 8ELOCh. 8.2 - 9. Describe biological oxidation-reduction and...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 10ELOCh. 8.2 - 7. Explain how oxidation of a substrate proceeds...Ch. 8.2 - 8. Refer to the blue redox equation for...Ch. 8.2 - 9. In the following redox pairs, which compound is...Ch. 8.2 - 10. a. Describe the roles played by ATP and NAD+...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 11CYPCh. 8.2 - 12. What is meant by the concept of the “final...Ch. 8.3 - 11. Relate the main points of bioenergetics and...Ch. 8.3 - 12. Describe the main catabolic pathways and their...Ch. 8.3 - 13. Define glycolysis and explain its input and...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 14ELOCh. 8.3 - 15. Describe the components of the respiratory...Ch. 8.3 - 16. Explain the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP...Ch. 8.3 - 17. Summarize the results of aerobic respiration.Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 18ELOCh. 8.3 - 13. Describe the basic energy strategies of...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 14CYPCh. 8.3 - 15. Outline the basic steps in glycolysis,...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 16CYPCh. 8.3 - 17. What is the fate of NADH in a fermentative...Ch. 8.3 - 18. Summarize the chemiosmotic theory of ATP...Ch. 8.3 - 19. Haw many ATPs could theoretically be formed...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 20CYPCh. 8.3 - 21. Name the sources of oxygen in bacteria that...Ch. 8.3 - 22. What are the final electron acceptors in...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 23CYPCh. 8.4 - 19. Explain what is meant by the term fermentation...Ch. 8.4 - 20. Describe some of the processes of fermentation...Ch. 8.4 - 24. What adaptive advantages does a fermentative...Ch. 8.4 - 25. Describe three patterns of fermentation...Ch. 8.5 - 21. Explain how cells perform anabolic functions...Ch. 8.5 - 22. Identify major pathways where molecules can be...Ch. 8.5 - 23. Briefly describe several mechanisms in...Ch. 8.5 - 26. What is meant by amphibolism, and what are its...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 27CYPCh. 8.5 - 28. Which macromolecules are synthesized by...Ch. 8.6 - 24. Outline the general reactions of...Ch. 8.6 - 25. Describe the pigment systems and how they...Ch. 8.6 - 26. Describe the main events in the...Ch. 8.6 - 27. Describe the main events in the...Ch. 8.6 - 29. Indicate whether each of the following is...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 30CYPCh. 8.6 - 31. What are the functions of chlorophyll and the...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 32CYPCh. 8.6 - 33. Compare oxygenic with nonoxygenic...Ch. 8.L1 - 1. ______ is another term for biosynthesis. a....Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 8.L1 - 3. An enzyme ___________ the activation energy...Ch. 8.L1 - 4. An enzyme a. becomes part of the final products...Ch. 8.L1 - 5. An apoenzyme is where the ___________ is...Ch. 8.L1 - 6. Many coenzymes contain a. metals b. vitamins c....Ch. 8.L1 - 7. To digest cellulose in its environment, a...Ch. 8.L1 - 8. Energy in biological systems is primarily a....Ch. 8.L1 - 9. Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic...Ch. 8.L1 - 10. Exergonic reactions a. release potential...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 11MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 12MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 13MCQCh. 8.L1 - 14. Fermentation of a glucose molecule has the...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 15MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 16MCQCh. 8.L1 - 17. The FADH2 formed during the Krebs cycle enters...Ch. 8.L1 - 18. The proton motive force is the result of a....Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 19MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 20MCQCh. 8.L1 - 21. The oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 22MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 2CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 3CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 1WCCh. 8.L1 - 2. Give the general name of the enzyme a. converts...Ch. 8.L1 - 3. Explain what is unique about the actions of ATP...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 4WCCh. 8.L1 - 5. Describe four requirements required for...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 6WCCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 7WCCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 8WCCh. 8.L2 - 1. Use the following graph to diagram the...Ch. 8.L2 - 2. Explain what is meant by the “biochemical...Ch. 8.L2 - 3. Explain how it is possible for certain microbes...Ch. 8.L2 - 4. Suggest the advantages of having metabolic...Ch. 8.L2 - 5. Two steps in glycolysis are catalyzed by...Ch. 8.L2 - 6. Beer production requires an early period of...Ch. 8.L2 - 7. What would be the expected pHs of the matrix...Ch. 8.L2 - 8. At which site in the mitochondrion and...Ch. 8.L2 - Prob. 9CTCh. 8.L2 - Prob. 10CTCh. 8.L2 - 1. From chapter 7. figure 7.11 (reproduced below)....Ch. 8.L2 - 2. Look at the two figure parts (a) and (b) from...
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- Label the following statements true or false: (a) A reaction is said to be spontaneous when it can proceed in either the forward or reverse direction. (b) A spontaneous process always happens very quickly.arrow_forwardPropose a reasonable stepwise mechanism, using curved arrow notation to show the flow of electrons, for the following reaction. Please have it computer done.. I've seen a lot of you guys use websites, I dont know why I keep getting the same like 2 people who want to do it by hand and then I can't even understand the hand writting when they write Carbon or Hydrogen or whatever other chemcial... Please just have it drawn using computer... I'm honestly just begging here... I've sent this question in so many times now. PLEASE I'M BEGGING YOU.... Just have it drawn out on a computer (I dont want it explained, I need a Drawing that shows all curbed arrows and electron flow)arrow_forward2a) Any chemical reaction in which the free energy of the products is lower than the free energy of the reactants is defined as a "spontaneous" reaction. Some spontaneous reactions occur very rapidly under the conditions found in a living system, while some occur at rates that are so slow that formation of product is undetectable. Briefly explain, in your own words, why some spontaneous reactions occur so much more slowly than others.arrow_forward
- 3.1 In the picture below label the following: substrate, active site, enzyme, product. Briefly explain what is happening in each picture (figure 6.16 will be VERY helpful). 3.2 Below is a graph showing how enzymes affect the energy of a reaction. Label the following in the graph (reactants, products, activation energy with no enzyme, activation energy with enzymes, time, energy)arrow_forward5. Consider the reaction: | OH H H₂C-(CH₂) C C—C—SCOA HH H₂C-(CH₂) a. What kind of reaction is being performed here? b. What enzyme performs this reaction? OHO C—C—C—SCOA c. What cofactors, if any, are required for this reaction? Harrow_forward3. Consider the reaction: H3C-(CH₂) H H C—C—C—SCOA HH H₂C-(CH₂) a. What kind of reaction is being performed here? b. What enzyme performs this reaction? -C—C—C—SCOA H H c. What cofactors, if any, are required for this reaction?arrow_forward
- 5. Examine the graphic below and answer the questions about the enzyme we reviewed in lecture. 1.0 0.01 mM Vo Vmax ATP 1 mM ATP 0.5 1 mM ATP + 0.1 mM AMP 1 [Fru-6-P] (mM) 2 A) What enzyme is this? What reaction does it perform? Of what metabolic pathway is this enzyme a part? B) What allosteric regulator, shown on the graph as presented here, is considered to be a homotropic allosteric factor? C) Which allosteric regulator, shown on the graph as presented here, has the greatest influence on this enzyme? Explain the reasoning behind your answer. D) Name a positive allosteric effector of this enzyme NOT shown on the graph as presented here. What is the origin of this positive allosteric effector...that is, where is it coming from? E) Name a negative allosteric effector of this enzyme NOT shown on the graph as presented here. What is the origin of this negative allosteric effector...that is, where is it coming from? F) Explain how the regulation of this enzyme is tied to the "energy…arrow_forwardA. Will decreasing the amount of energy needed to make an exergonic reaction occur cause the reaction to be more exergonic? Why or why not? B. Will such an energetic alteration change the rate of the reaction? Why or why notarrow_forward8). Which statement best describes 1 point the enzyme represented in the graphs? O 10 20 30 40 50 60 O 2 4 6 10 12 Temperature ("C) PH (1) This enzyme works best at a temperature of 50°C and a pH of 12. (2) Temperature and pH have no effect on the action of this enzyme. (3) This enzyme works best at a temperature above 50°C and a pH above 12. (4) This enzyme works best at a temperature of 35°C and a pH of 8. Relative Rate of Enzyme Action Relative Rate of Enzyme Actionarrow_forward
- 1. Which of the following terms best describes the progress of the reaction with respect to free energy change?arrow_forward7. Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions? The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme b. The free energy change of the reaction is opposite from the reaction without the enzyme The reaction always goes in the direction toward chemical equilibrium d. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions require energy to activate the enzyme e. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions release more free energy than noncatalyzed reactions The following questions are based on the reaction A+B C+D Free Energy- A+B Progress of the Reaction C.Darrow_forward1) Describe the change of Cis-aconitate to Isocitrate. 2) Are enzymes changed during a reaction they catalyze? 3) What does "induced fit" mean when talking about enzymesarrow_forward
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