Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The formal charge for each atom present in given
Concept Introduction:
Formal charge (FC): The charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, irrespective of relative electro negativity by thinking that electrons in all
Formal charge of an atom can be determined by the given formula.
(b)
Interpretation:
The formal charge for each atom present in given
Concept Introduction:
Formal charge (FC): The charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, irrespective of relative electro negativity by thinking that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally among atoms.
Formal charge of an atom can be determined by the given formula.
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Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
- The hypochlorite ion, ClO-, is the active ingredient inbleach. The perchlorate ion, ClO4-, is a main componentof rocket propellants. Draw Lewis structures for both ions. (a) What is the formal charge of Cl in the hypochlorite ion?(b) What is the formal charge of Cl in the perchlorate ion, assumingthe Cl—O bonds are all single bonds? (c) What is theoxidation number of Cl in the hypochlorite ion? (d) Whatis the oxidation number of Cl in the perchlorate ion, assumingthe Cl—O bonds are all single bonds? (e) In a redox reaction,which ion would you expect to be more easily reduced?arrow_forwardFor the next compounds/ions, draw two (2) appropriate Lewis structures. One structure must obey the octet rule and the other structure must be a non-octet obeying structure (octet deficient or octet expansion). Be sure to indicate which structure is the “best” structure and explain your choice formal charge arguments and any other points you deem important. (a) BeCl2 (b) POF3 (c) SO42−arrow_forwardCalculate the formal charge of each element in the following compounds and ions:(a) F2CO(b) NO–(c) BF4−(d) SnCl3−(e) H2CCH2(f) ClF3(g) SeF6(h) PO43−arrow_forward
- (b) The Murchison meteorite that landed in Australia in 1969 contained 92 different amino acids, including 21 found in Earth organism A skeleton structure (single bond only) of one of these extraterrestrial amino acids is shown below. Draw a Lewis structure, and identify any atoms having a nonzero formal charge. H3N. C ČH2 ČH3 (c) Draw the orbital diagrams and Lewis symbols to depict the formation of Na* and CI ions from the atoms. Give the formula of the compound formed. (d) The predicted bond length for HF is 109 pm (the sum of the covalent radii of H, 37 pm and F, 72 pm), however the actual bond length for HF is shorter (92 pm). It was observed that the difference between predicted and actual bond lengths becomes smaller going down the halogen group from HF to HI Describe these observationsarrow_forwardChemical species are said to be isoelectronic if they have the same Lewis structure (regardless of charge). Consider these ions and write a Lewis structure for a neutral molecule that is isoelectronic with them. (a) CN–, (b) NH4+ (c) CO3 2–arrow_forwardDraw the Lewis structure with lowest formal charges, anddetermine the charge of each atom in (a) BF₄⁻; (b) ClNO.arrow_forward
- Assign formal charges to each atom in the interhalogen molecule BrCl3.arrow_forwardThe cyanate ion, NCO– , has three (3) possible Lewis structures. (a) Draw these three structures and assign formal charges in each. (b) Which Lewis structure is dominant?arrow_forwardDraw a Lewis structure for a resonance form of each ion with the lowest possible formal charges, show the charges, and give oxidation numbers of the atoms: (a) BrO3-; (b) SO32-.arrow_forward
- 4. Draw the Lewis structure with lowest formal charges, and determine the charge of each atom in (a) IFS (b) AlH4arrow_forwardOrtho-Dichlorobenzene, C6H4Cl2, is obtained when two ofthe adjacent hydrogen atoms in benzene are replaced withCl atoms. A skeleton of the molecule is shown here. (a) Completea Lewis structure for the molecule using bonds andelectron pairs as needed. (b) Are there any resonance structuresfor the molecule? If so, sketch them. (c) Are the resonancestructures in (a) and (b) equivalent to one another asthey are in benzene?arrow_forwardA common form of elemental phosphorus is the tetrahedralP4 molecule, where all four phosphorus atoms areequivalent:At room temperature phosphorus is a solid. (a) Are there anylone pairs of electrons in the P4 molecule? (b) How manyP¬P bonds are there in the molecule? (c) Draw a Lewisstructure for a linear P4 molecule that satisfies the octet rule.Does this molecule have resonance structures? (d) On thebasis of formal charges, which is more stable, the linear moleculeor the tetrahedral molecule?arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning