Concept explainers
Interpretation: The delocalized molecular orbital differ from localized molecular orbital such that in
Concept Introduction: Molecular orbitals are formed by the combination of the atomic orbitals of the atoms in the molecule. The properties of the newly formed molecular orbital will be different from their individual atomic orbitals. In molecular orbital theory, electrons shared by atoms in a molecule reside in the molecular orbitals.
In localized molecular orbital, molecular orbitals are considered to be localized between the individual bonds.
Delocalized molecular orbitals are extended over two or more atoms, these are not confined to adjacent bonding atoms. Therefore, the electrons are free to move around the entire molecule.
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Chemistry: Atoms First
- Allene (1,2-propadicne), a gas, has the following structure: What is the hybridization at each carbon atom? What is the geometry about each carbon atom? Using valencebond theory, describe the bonding about the center carbon atom. 1,3-dichloroallene is a derivative of allene with the following structure: Is this a polar molecule? (If you have difficulty visualizing the structure of this molecule, you might build a molecular model of it.)arrow_forwardHydrogen azide (also known as hydrazoic acid), HN3, is a covalent molecule in which the hydrogen atom (as a proton) is bonded to a nitrogen atom at one end of the azide ion (see previous problem). Draw the dominant resonance formula or formulas for this molecule. Describe the hybridization about the nitrogen atom to which the hydrogen atom is bonded in the dominant formula or formulas. Use valence bond theory to describe the bonding about this nitrogen atom.arrow_forwardGive the hybridization of each central atom in the following molecules. (a) cyclohexene (b) phosgene, Cl2CO (c) glycine, H2NC(1)H2C(2)OOH (Note: Numbers in parentheses label each carbon atom.)arrow_forward
- There are two compounds with the molecular formula HN3. One is called hydrogen azide; the other is cyclotriazene. (a) Write the Lewis structure for each compound. (b) Designate the hybridization of each nitrogen in hydrogen azide. (c) What is the hybridization of each nitrogen in cyclotriazene? (d) How many sigma bonds are in hydrogen azide? In cyclotriazene? (e) How many pi bonds are in hydrogen azide? In cyclotriazene? (f) Give approximate values for the N-to-N-to-N bond angles in each molecule.arrow_forward7.59 What type of hybrid orbital is generated by combining the valence s orbital and all three valence p orbitals of an atom? How many hybrid orbitals result?arrow_forwardUse Figs. 4-54 and 4-55 to answer the following questions. a. Would the bonding molecular orbital in HF place greater electron density near the H or the F atom? Why? b. Would the bonding molecular orbital have greater fluorine 2p character, greater hydrogen 1s character, or an equal contribution from both? Why? c. Answer the previous two questions for the antibonding molecular orbital in HF.arrow_forward
- Methylcyanoacrylate is the active ingredient in super glues. Its Lewis structure is (a) How many sigma bonds are in the molecule? (b) How many pi bonds are in the molecule? (c) What is the hybridization of the carbon atom bonded to nitrogen? (d) What is the hybridization of the carbon atom bonded to oxygen? (e) What is the hybridization of the double-bonded oxygen?arrow_forwardElectrons in bonding molecular orbitals are most likely to be found in the region between the two bonded atoms. Why does this arrangement favor bonding? In a antibonding orbital, where are the electrons most likely to be found in relation to the nuclei in a bond?arrow_forwardThe hybridization of the two carbon atoms differs in an acetic acid, CH3COOH, molecule. (a) Designate the correct hybridization for each carbon atom in this molecule. (b) What is the approximate bond angle around each carbon?arrow_forward
- Gamma hydroxybutyric acid, GHB, infamous as a date rape drug, is used illicitly because of its effects on the nervous system. The condensed molecular formula for GHB is HO(CH2)3COOH. (a) Write the Lewis structure for GHB. (b) Identify the hybridization of the carbon atom in the CH2 groups and of the terminal carbon. (c) Is hydrogen bonding possible in GHB? If so, write Lewis structures to illustrate the hydrogen bonding. (d) Which carbon atoms are involved in sigma bonds? In pi bonds? (e) Which oxygen atom is involved in sigma bonds? In pi bonds?arrow_forwardConsider acetyl salicylic acid, better known as aspirin. Its structure is (a) How many sigma and pi bonds are there in aspirin? (b) What are the approximate values of the angles marked (in blue) A, B, and C? (c) What is the hybridization of each atom marked (in red) 1, 2, and 3?arrow_forward• explain how hybridization reconciles observed molecular shapes with the orbital overlap model.arrow_forward
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