Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781260411140
Author: Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Susan L. Keen, David J Eisenhour Professor PhD, Allan Larson, Helen I'Anson Associate Professor of Biology
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Question
Chapter 33, Problem 10RQ
Summary Introduction
To describe: The components and sequence of events leading to a knee jerk and to determine why this reflex is simpler when compared to the most reflex arcs.
Introduction: Most neurons work in groups known as reflex arcs. It is considered as a fundamental unit of the neuron operation. It consists of at least two neurons, but typically there are more.
Summary Introduction
To explain: The difference between reflex act and the reflex arc.
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Several of the events that occur between the time a physician strikes apatient’s patellar tendon with a rubber hammer and the time the quadriceps femoris contracts (knee-jerk reflex) are listed below:(1) increased frequency of action potentials in sensory neurons(2) stretch of the muscle spindles(3) increased frequency of action potentials in the alpha motor neurons(4) stretch of the quadriceps femoris(5) contraction of the quadriceps femorisWhich of the following most closely describes the sequence ofevents as they normally occur?a. 4,1,2,3,5 c. 1,4,3,2,5 e. 4,2,3,1,5b. 4,1,3,2,5 d. 4,2,1,3,5
The motor neuron involved in reciprocal innervation of the withdrawal reflex inhibits the extensor muscles of the limb. Considering what you learned about stretch reflexes, why does this make sense?
The knee-jerk reflex is often called a stretch reflex because a sharp tap on the patellar ligament stretches the quadriceps femoris, the extensor muscle of the leg. Describe the components and se-quence of events that lead to a “knee jerk.” Why is this reflex sim-pler than most reflex arcs? What is the difference between a reflex arc and a reflex act?
Chapter 33 Solutions
Loose Leaf For Integrated Principles Of Zoology
Ch. 33 - Define the following terms: neuron, axon,...Ch. 33 - Glial cells far outnumber neurons and contribute...Ch. 33 - The concentration of potassium ions inside a nerve...Ch. 33 - What ionic and electrical changes occur during...Ch. 33 - Explain different ways in which invertebrates and...Ch. 33 - Why is the sodium-potassium pump indirectly...Ch. 33 - Prob. 7RQCh. 33 - Prob. 8RQCh. 33 - Prob. 9RQCh. 33 - Prob. 10RQ
Ch. 33 - Prob. 11RQCh. 33 - Prob. 12RQCh. 33 - Prob. 13RQCh. 33 - Prob. 14RQCh. 33 - Chemoreception in vertebrates and insects is...Ch. 33 - What is the vomeronasal organ and what activity...Ch. 33 - Explain how ultrasonic detectors of certain...Ch. 33 - Outline the place theory of pitch discrimination...Ch. 33 - Explain how the semicircular canals of the ear are...Ch. 33 - Contrast the structure and functioning of the...Ch. 33 - Explain what happens when light strikes a...Ch. 33 - Prob. 22RQCh. 33 - Prob. 1FFT
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- There are reflex arcs that employ a gamma motor neuron wrapped around a muscle spindle and involve no interneurons. Which is NOT an appropriate example of these reflex arcs among the following? patellar reflex achilles reflex inverted supinator reflex C5 reflex arcsarrow_forwardDo you think the patellar reflex would be inhibited or enhanced by actively contracting the quadriceps muscle group? With an understanding of how muscle spindle fibers work, explain how active contraction of a muscle might affect the myotactic reflex. [hint: try to elicit a knee jerk reflex when someone is doing a leg lift]arrow_forwardGive a labeled illustration of a simple reflex arc with its components of the patella tendon tap reflex/knee jerk reflex.arrow_forward
- What are the components of a reflex arc and what is the difference between a somatic motor reflex and a visceral reflex arc?arrow_forwardWhat are the components in a polysynaptic reflex arc in the order that they are activated. Then briefly describe the function of each. #1 #2 #3 #4 #5arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true of cross-extensor reflexes? in the leg that sensed the pain, the flexor relaxes in the leg that sensed the pain, the extensor contracts in the opposite leg, the extensor is activated in the opposite leg the flexor is activatedarrow_forward
- Which of the following are essential components of a basic reflex arc? Select all that apply. At least one synapse Motor neuron Effector Sensory neuron Sensory receptorarrow_forwardThe biceps-jerk reflex is carried out by motor neurons that exit the spinal cord in the fifth spinal nerve (C5). The triceps-jerk reflex uses motor neurons in the seventh spinal nerve (C7). Describe how these reflexes might be tested to help pinpoint damage in a patient with a neck injury.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast stretch, flexor, crossed-extensor, and tendon reflexes.arrow_forward
- Why is an interneuron needed to provide reciprocal inhibition of the flexor muscle when an extensor muscle is activated?arrow_forward1) For each of the following reflexes, detail what the sensor is, the integrator, and the effector. Also note the neuronsinvolved in the reflex (like alpha motor neuron).a. Myotatic (stretch reflex)b. Autogenic Inhibition (Golgi tendon organ reflex)c. Flexor Reflex 2) You stimulate an alpha motor neuron and measure the force of contraction in a control muscle from a mouse. You then add Substance X, a newly synthesized product from your organic chemists. You observe that there is adecreased force of contraction following the same type of motor neuron stimulation.a. Draw your experimental setup and what force you measure before and after administering Substance X.Hint: You’ll need to include something to stimulate the muscle and something to measure the force. Whatyou measure is force upon stimulation (mN, milliNewtons) before and after addition of X.b. Hypothesize one way that Substance X could be inhibiting muscle contraction. Design an experiment…arrow_forwardHow would you explain the following observation? When motor nerve fibers in the leg are severed, the muscles they innervate become paralyzed; however, in time, control over the muscles often returns.arrow_forward
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