11th Edition

ISBN: 9781337392938

Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher: Cengage Learning

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The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrol…

Cladistics

Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristic…

Outgroups

Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.

Taxonomy

It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversi…

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Al…

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Textbook Question

Chapter 28, Problem 18TYU

Test Your Understanding

Evaluate and Synthesize

18. EVOLUTION LINK Where would you place the progymnosperms on Figure 28-2? Explain your reasoning.

Chapter 28, Problem 18TYU, Test Your Understanding Evaluate and Synthesize 18. EVOLUTION LINK Where would you place the

Figure 28-2 Gymnosperm and angiosperm evolution

This cladogram shows a current hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among living seed plants, based on structural evidence, molecular comparisons, and fossils. Relationships among extant gymnosperm clades and angiosperms remain controversial. The arrangement of the phyla shown here may change as future analyses help clarify relationships.

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Chapter 28, Problem 17TYU

Chapter 29.1, Problem 1LO

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1. Describe the interrelationships among the different gymnosperm lineages, as inferred from the two cladograms. What are the common patterns you see in the two figures, and in what ways do they differ? 2. Based on the cladograms , what can you say about an early interpretation or hypothesis that the gnetophytes are probably the sister lineage of the angiosperms? Support with the pattern you see in the cladograms. 3. Linnean- or rank based classification systems have placed the cycads, ginkgo, conifers and gnetophytes, respectively, into separate categories, of equal ranking (i.e., each gymnosperm group a Phylum or Division). Is the Linnaean classification of each gymnosperm group justifiable, based on the information shown in the figures?

Postlab: Bryophytes, Seedless Vascular Plants & Gymnosperms 1. What is the conspicuous form of the bryophytes? Is this form haploid or diploid? 2. The part that produces the male gametes is called the....? 3. The part that produces the female gametes is called the... 4. Spores are produced by which cell division process? 5. What is the conspicuous form of the seedless vascular plants? Is it haploid or diploid? 6. What are microspores? Where are they produced in gymnosperms? 7. Megaspores give rise to which structure in gymnosperms? 8. How are most gymnosperms pollinate d? 9. In gymnosperms, the material that nourishes the embryo derives from what tissue? 10. How can you visually differentiate a male from a female cone in pines?

Now you will practice identifying the phylogenetic tree that corresponds to a given character table. The following table shows three key events in the evolution of plants: the development of vascular tissue, the development of flowers, and the development of seeds. Plant groups Vascular Tissue Flowers Seeds Gymnosperms 1 0 1 Mosses 0 0 0 Ferns 1 0 0 Angiosperms 1 1 1 Select the phylogenetic tree that correctly represents the data in the character table.

Chapter 28 Solutions

Biology (MindTap Course List)

Ch. 28.1 - Prob. 1LO Ch. 28.1 - Prob. 1C Ch. 28.1 - Prob. 2C Ch. 28.2 - Trace the steps in the life cycle of a pine and...Ch. 28.2 - Summarize the features that distinguish...Ch. 28.2 - Name and briefly describe the four phyla of...Ch. 28.2 - What is the dominant generation in the pine life...Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 2C Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 3C Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 4C

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Solution Summary: The author explains that progymnosperms cannot be classified as gymnospers, even though they are very similar. They have secondary vascular tissue and veins that branch in their leaves.

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Chapter 28 Solutions