Study Guide for Campbell Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134443775
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Michael A. Pollock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 24, Problem 1IQ
Summary Introduction
To indicate: The pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barrier and name the type of reproductive isolation.
Introduction: The species in reproductive isolation impedes the members of both species from interbreeding to the species that produce fertile offspring. These barriers stop the gene flow between species and thus limit the formation of hybrids. Such barriers can be classified into two types namely; pre-zygotic and post zygotic. Pre-zygotic barrier includes temporal isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation; whereas, post zygotic barrier includes reduced hybrid fertility, reduced hybrid viability, and hybrid breakdown.
Expert Solution & Answer
Answer to Problem 1IQ
Pre- or Post- | Type of isolation | Example |
| Reduced hybrid fertility | Two species of frogs mate in a laboratory setup and produce viable but sterile offspring. |
| Gamatic isolation | Two species of sea urchins release gametes at the same time, but the sperm fail to fuse with eggs of a different species. |
| Mechanical isolation | The genital openings of two species of land snails cannot line up because their shells spiral in opposite directions. |
| Temporal isolation | Two species of short-lived mayflies emerge during different weeks in spring. |
| Hybrid breakdown | Two species of salamanders mate and produce offspring, but the hybrid's offspring are sterile. |
| Behavioral isolation | Two similar species of birds have different mating rituals. |
| Reduced hybrid viability | Embryos of two species of mice bred in the laboratory usually abort. |
| Habitat isolation | Peepers breed in woodland ponds; leopard frogs breed in swamps. |
Explanation of Solution
- In a laboratory setup, two frogs’ species mate and produce viable but sterile offspring. It is an example of reduced hybrid fertility. In this example, the hybrids are vigorous, sterile, and the chromosomes of the two parent species differ in numbers or structures. Therefore, during meiosis in the hybrids may fail to produce normal gametes in case of frogs.
- Two species of sea urchins release gametes at the same time, but the sperm fail to fuse with eggs of a different species. In this example, the sperm of the sea urchin is unable to fertilize the egg of another species. This is an example of gametic isolation in which closely related species of aquatic animals fertilize.
- The genital openings of two species of land snails cannot line up because their shells spiral in opposite directions is an example of mechanical isolation. In mechanical isolation, the two species attempted to mate but due to morphological differences, the successful completion of mating process stopped.
- There are two species with short-lived mayflies emerge during spring weeks. This is an example of temporal isolation. These species breed during different times of the seasons, different times of the day, or different years.
- There are two salamander species that mate and produce offspring, but the hybrid's offspring are sterile. These species are the examples of hybrid breakdown isolation, in which first generation offspring are fertile and viable when they mate with another species offspring, the next generation will be feeble or sterile.
- There are two similar species of birds that have different mating rituals; this is the example of behavioral isolation. “Behavioral isolation” is a type of “reproductive isolation” where courtship rituals include attraction of mates and other exclusive behaviors to a species, resulting in development of reproductive barriers, yet in closely related species.
- There are two embryos of two species of mice bred in a laboratory that usually abort. This is an example of reduced hybrid viability. In this isolation, the genes of two different species may interact in various ways that impair the development of the hybrid or the survival of the hybrid in the environment.
- Peepers breed in woodland ponds; leopard frogs breeding in swamps are the example of habitat isolation. Habitat isolation is one of the prezygotic reproductive barriers that kept the species separate to interbreed. However, in captivity, this barrier vanishes and species reproduce successfully.
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Chapter 24 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
Ch. 24 - Prob. 1IQCh. 24 - Fill in the following table to review three of the...Ch. 24 - a. A new plant species 8 forms by autopolyploidy...Ch. 24 - a. Differentiate between allopatric and sympatric...Ch. 24 - Use the following diagrams to explain the three...Ch. 24 - Prob. 6IQCh. 24 - Prob. 1SYKCh. 24 - Prob. 2SYKCh. 24 - What does the term punctuated equilibria describe?Ch. 24 - Prob. 1TYK
Ch. 24 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 24 - Which of the following is not a mechanism...Ch. 24 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 24 - Prezygotic barriers to reproduction between...Ch. 24 - A botanist identifies a new species of plant that...Ch. 24 - Which of the following would not contribute to...Ch. 24 - Morphological and genetic comparisons group 30...Ch. 24 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 24 - This chapter introduced several research studies...
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- What is the difference between prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms? List some different types of each.arrow_forwardDescribe how dispersal between populations can affect gene flow.arrow_forwardWhich of the following forms of reproductive isolation illustrates a prezygotic barrier to gene flow? O Species A forms hybrids with species B and the hybrids are able to breed back with either of the two parent species to produce healthy fertile offspring. O Two closely related birds, the lazuli bunting and indigo bunting, sing similar songs to attract mates and even though human ears can not distinguish them the females never make wrong choices in choosing who to mate with. O Two species of turtles living in a large lake have different ecological requirements and never interact. O Several species of corrals in a Honduras corral reef release gametes about the same time but inter- specific attraction of gametes does not occur. O All but one of these illustrates a type of prezygotic barrier to gene flow.arrow_forward
- Create graphical representations of hybridization frequencies and analyze data to develop hypotheses about postzygotic isolation.arrow_forwardFirst: Identify the following; allopatric, peripatric, sympatric and parapatric.Second: Explain by giving examples:Why allopatric and peripatric are first affected by geographic isolation, which leads to genetic isolation. On the other hand, sympatric and parapatric are generated from genetic isolation, which then leads to geographic isolation.arrow_forwardThe reproductive isolating mechanism in which two closely related species live in the same geographic area but reproduce at different times is (a) temporal isolation (b) behavioral isolation (c) mechanical isolation (d) gametic isolation (e) hybrid inviabilityarrow_forward
- Direction: For each of the five examples below, give the name of the isolating mechanism and specify if it is prezygotic or postzygotic isolation. In some bee populations, only large bees are big enough to unfold flower petals and obtain nectar and pollen. A cross between two fish species occurs but development only occurs up to 16-cell stage. In drosophila, when sperm from one species enters the other species, the sperm is immobilized and unable to fertilize the Fireflies have a unique lighting pattern. The frequency of lighting is species specific. Fireflies in the same area will not mate with those having a different lighting frequency. 5. Two species of butterflies are found in northern Michigan, but one species is found only near rivers and streams, the other near lakesarrow_forwardConsider the graphic that is presented and depicts the end-point for the following scenario. At some point in the past, species A resided as a large population entirely within a rectangular geographical area. The population became divided into two isolated populations when, during a major earthquake, a mountain range arose and disrupted gene flow. Over time, the two new populations evolved independently from one another, yielding species B and C. The population comprising species C became divided into two isolated populations when another earthquake created an escarpment that disrupted gene flow. Over time, these two new populations evolved independently from one another, yielding species D and E.Imagine that you were to arrive to the region long after species D and E had evolved, completely oblivious to the scenario that is described above; survey the region for living species in this group; and conduct a cladistic analysis on those species. Assuming that the data that you were to…arrow_forwardOver time, enough genetic variations can develop within a population to cause it to undergo speciation. Identify the various mechanisms that will prevent different species from being able to reproduce successfully. Which of these mechanisms is the most influential in keeping species sperate?arrow_forward
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