Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577206
Author: Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 18, Problem 4P
Interpretation Introduction
To discuss:
The cycling and fermentation reactions in NADH and NAD+
Introduction:
NADH stands for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen. Here hydrogen is in reduced form. During glycolysis there are many products formed in the reactions like ATP and pyruvate, there only NADH also stands as a cofactor produced during glycolysis
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TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, metabolic regulation
TCA cycle (Ch. 16)
1. The citric acid cycle has eight enzymes: citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase,
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase,
and malate dehydrogenase.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction catalyzed by each enzyme.
(b) Name the cofactor(s) required by each enzyme reaction.
(c) For each enzyme determine which of the following describes the type of reaction(s)
catalyzed: condensation (carbon–carbon bond formation); dehydration (loss of water); hydration
(addition of water); decarboxylation (loss of CO2); oxidation-reduction; substrate-level
phosphorylation; isomerization.
(d) Write a balanced net equation for the catabolism of acetyl-CoA to CO2.
transition step, and the Krebs cycle.
Table of Energy Carriers Produced in Glycolysis, the Transition Step, and the Krebs Cycle
of FADH,
of NADH
Process
of ATP
Glycolysis
Transition Step
Krebs Cycle
TOTAL
Match the name of the process with its description
Electron transport chain
oxidation of pyruvate
chemiosmotic phosphorylation
citric acid cycle
1.
The 2-carbon acetyl group separates from coenzyme A and attaches to a four carbon molecule called oxaloacetate, forming the 6-carbon molecule called citrate. In a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps, the citrate loses 8 high-energy electrons to NAD+ and FAD. In addition, ADP is phosphorylated (changed to ATP) as part of step three. Carbons leave as carbon dioxide in steps 2 and 3. This leaves a 4-carbon molecule, which eventually combines with another Acetyl CoA to form citrate and the cycle begins again.
2.
Pyruvate moves into the mitochondrion and two electrons are removed from pyruvate and transferred to NAD+. One of the carbon atoms in pyruvate leaves as a molecule of carbon dioxide. The remaining 2-carbon piece becomes attached to Coenzyme A.
3.
Protons concentrated in the…
Chapter 18 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 18 - Characterizing Glycolysis List the reactions of...Ch. 18 - Radiotracer Labeling of Pyruvate from Glucose...Ch. 18 - Effects of Changing Metabolite Concentrations on...Ch. 18 - Prob. 4PCh. 18 - Prob. 5PCh. 18 - The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway...Ch. 18 - The Effect of lodoacetic Acid on the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 8PCh. 18 - Comparing Glycolysis Entry Points for Sucrose...Ch. 18 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 18 - Prob. 11PCh. 18 - Prob. 12PCh. 18 - Prob. 13PCh. 18 - Energetic of Fructose-1 ,6-bis P Hydrolysis...Ch. 18 - Prob. 15PCh. 18 - Energetics of the Hexokinase Reaction The...Ch. 18 - Prob. 17PCh. 18 - Distinguishing the Mechanisms of Class I and Class...Ch. 18 - Prob. 19PCh. 18 - Understanding the Mechanism of Hemolytic Anemia...Ch. 18 - Prob. 21PCh. 18 - Based on your residing of this chapter, what would...Ch. 18 - Examine the ActiveModel for alcohol dehydrogenase...Ch. 18 - Based on your knowledge of the structure of NAD+...Ch. 18 - Using the ActiveModel for phosphofructokinase...
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- Understanding the Oxidation of Glucose and Its Products in the TCA Cycle Glycolysis, the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction, and the TCA cycle result in complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose to CO2. Review the calculation of oxidation numbers for individual atoms in any molecule, and then calculate the oxidation numbers of the carbons of glucose, pyruvate, the acetyl carbons of acetyl-CoA. and the metabolites of the TCA cycle to convince yourself that complete oxidation of glucose involves removal of 24 electrons and that each acetyl-CoA through the TCA cycle gives up 8 electrons.arrow_forwardCalculate production of NADH, FADH, and GTP molecul in complete oxidation often molecules of glucose by citric acid cyclearrow_forwardComplete oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid can yield 129 molecules of ATP Study Figure 19.2 and determine how many ATP molecules would be generated if a 16-carbon fatly acid were metabolized solely by the TCA cycle, in the form of S acetyl-CoA molecules.arrow_forward
- Understanding Enzyme Mechanisms Related to Pyruvate Carboxylase Based on the mechanism for pyruvate carboxylase (Figure 22.3), write reasonable mechanisms for the reactions that follow:arrow_forwardRadiotracer Labeling of Pyruvate from Glucose Determine the anticipated location in pyruvate of labeled carbons If glucose molecules labeled (in separate experiments.) with 14C at each position of (.tie carbon skeleton proceed through the glycolytic pathway.arrow_forwardEthanol as a Source of Metabolic Energy (Integrates with Chapters 19 and 20.) Acetate produced in ethanol metabolism can be transformed into acetyl-COA by the acetyl thiokinase reaction: Acetate+ATP+CoASHacetyleCoA+AMP+PPiAcetyle-CoA then can enter the citric acid cycle and undergo oxidation to 2 CO2by this route, assuming oxidative phosphorylation is part of the process? (Assume all reactions prior to acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle occur outside the mitochondrion). Per carbon atom, which is a better metabolic fuel, ethanol or glucose? That is, how many ATP equivalents per carbon atom are generated by combustion of glucose versus ethanol to CO2?arrow_forward
- Lactate fermentation is similar to and different from ethanol fermentation Match the following statements converts pyruvate to lactateconverts a 2-carbon molecule to ethanolinvolved in the production of pyruvate from glucose via glycolysis, and both result in the oxidation of NADH to NAD+involved in the production of glucose via glycolysis, and both result in the oxidation of NADH to NAD+converts a 2-carbon molecule to lactate occurs under anaerobic conditionsconverts pyruvate to carbon dioxideoccurs under aerobic conditions1 Lactate fermentation2 Ethanol fermentation3 Both lactate and ethanol fermentation3 Both lactate and ethanol fermentation4 Does not occurarrow_forwardThis is the ATP accounting question. You are limited to the carbon in the following molecules: One xylulose 5-phosphate, One glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, One sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, 1 Oxaloacetate, and 3 carbon dioxide A) Disregard regulation completely regarding pathway activity, using only the enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and citric acid cycle, what is the maximum ATP one can generate with these molecules? B) Disregard regulation completely regarding pathway activity, using only the enzymes of glycolysis, Calvin- Benson-Bassham cycle, and citric acid cycle, what is the maximum ATP one can generate with these molecules (in this instance only, you also are given 3 ATP and note that you do NOT need to regenerate substrates for rubisco once you get through this enzyme).arrow_forwardQuestion 9 Review Concept 9.6. Fatty acids are broken down by and yield acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2 O bet oxidation O glycolysis O alcohol fermentation O phosphorylation O phosphofructokinasearrow_forward
- Chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation: theexplanation of a molecular mechanism of ATP generation. Basicpostulates of Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory.arrow_forwardAnaerobic pathways after glycolysis In the absence of oxygen, what anaerobic pathways can occur after glycolysis? (Check all that apply.) Check All That Apply alcohol Fermentation CAM Cycle Krebs Cycle lactate Fermentation. oxidative phosphorylation rubisco Fermentationarrow_forward
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