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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The two carbon atoms that bear the
Concept introduction: The simplest hydrolyzed form that is obtained from the carbohydrates is known as monosaccharide. Monosaccharide is categorized into two types. The first type of monosaccharide is aldoses and the second type of monosaccharide is ketoses. Aldoses sugar possesses
Monosaccharides are also classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms present in it. For example, the sugar that contains five carbon atoms is known as pentoses sugar and the sugar that contains six carbon atoms is known as hexoses sugar.
(b)
Interpretation: The two carbon atoms that bear the functional groups which interacts during intramolecular cyclization of the aldopentose has to be identified.
Concept introduction: The simplest hydrolyzed form that is obtained from the carbohydrates is known as monosaccharide. Monosaccharide is categorized into two types. The first type of monosaccharide is aldoses and the second type of monosaccharide is ketoses. Aldoses sugar possesses aldehyde as a functional group and the ketoses sugar possesses ketone as a functional group.
Monosaccharides are also classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms present in it. For example, the sugar that contains five carbon atoms is known as pentoses sugar and the sugar that contains six carbon atoms is known as hexoses sugar.
(c)
Interpretation: The two carbon atoms that bear the functional groups which interacts during intramolecular cyclization of the ketohexose has to be identified.
Concept introduction: The simplest hydrolyzed form that is obtained from the carbohydrates is known as monosaccharide. Monosaccharide is categorized into two types. The first type of monosaccharide is aldoses and the second type of monosaccharide is ketoses. Aldoses sugar possesses aldehyde as a functional group and the ketoses sugar possesses ketone as a functional group.
Monosaccharides are also classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms present in it. For example, the sugar that contains five carbon atoms is known as pentoses sugar and the sugar that contains six carbon atoms is known as hexoses sugar.
(d)
Interpretation: The ketopentose whether forms a six-membered ring, a five- membered ring or a four- membered ring after intramolecular cyclization has to be stated.
Concept introduction: The simplest hydrolyzed form that is obtained from the carbohydrates is known as monosaccharide. Monosaccharide is categorized into two types. The first type of monosaccharide is aldoses and the second type of monosaccharide is ketoses. Aldoses sugar possesses aldehyde as a functional group and the ketoses sugar possesses ketone as a functional group.
Monosaccharides are also classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms present in it. For example, the sugar that contains five carbon atoms is known as pentoses sugar and the sugar that contains six carbon atoms is known as hexoses sugar.
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Chapter 18 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
- Although the first two carbons of fructose and glucose are identical in structure to DHAP and GADP (from glycolysis), DHAP and GADP equilibriate on their in solution to favor the ketone over the aldehyde, while fructose and glucose do not. Why? a)The larger size of the molecule sterically hinders the isomerization b)The larger sugars have more OH groups which hydrogen bond and disrupt isomerization c)The larger sugars cyclize, and there is no carbonyl to isomerize in the cyclic form d)The larger sugars cyclize, and in the cyclic form the hydrogen bonding is very strong e)The larger sugars are less soluble in water than the smaller sugarsarrow_forwardAn oligosaccharide is a repeating unit of a-D-galactopyranosyl-(a-1 >3)-allopyranoside. Each disaccharide unit is linked via B-1 --->4 glycosidic bond. The oligosaccharide has 10 monosaccharide residues. Required: Is this oligosaccharide a good substrate for glycolysis? Why or why not? Provide two reasons and discuss corn prehensively.arrow_forwardIdentify whether each monosaccharide is an aldose or a ketose. Н НО Н Н НО- CHO ОН H -ОН ОН CH2OH CH2OH H CH₂OH Н НО Н CHO ОН CHO H -ОН CH₂OH н-с ОН CH2OH Н Н Н Н· CH2OH C=0 ОН CH2OH ... CHO ОН ОН ОН CH2OH Но Н Н Н CH2OH c=0 -Н -ОН CH2OH CH2OH О ОН ОН CH2OHarrow_forward
- In solution, glucose exists predominantly in the cyclic hemiacetal form, which does not contain an aldehyde group. How is it possible for mild oxidizing agents to oxidize glucose?arrow_forwardisomaltose is a disaccharide which can be obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of amylopectin. Deduce the structure of isomaltose from the following data: a. The hydrolysis of 1 mole of isomaltose with acid or alpha-glucosidase yields 2 moles of D- glucose. b. Isomaltose is a reducing sugar c. Isomaltose is oxidized with bromine water to isomaltonic acid. Insomaltonic acid methylation followed by hydrolysis yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose and 2,3,4,5- tetra-O-methyl-D-gluconate acid. d. Isomaltose methylation itself followed by hydrolysis to produce 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl- D-glucose and 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose. Describe according to the four points abovearrow_forwardAll of the following are repeating units of glycosaminoglycans EXCEPT: A. hyaluronate B. heparin C. hemoglobin D. keratin sulfate E. chondroitin 6-sulfatearrow_forward
- Identify which of the following structural polysaccharides (amylopectin, amylose, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin) fits the description given below. A specific description may apply to more than one of the polysaccharides. 1. Contains both a(1→4) and a(1→6) glycosidic linkages 2. Polymer chain is unbranched 3. Glucose derivatives are present in the polymer chain 4. Contains only ß(1→4) glycosidic linkagesarrow_forwardIndicate whether each of the following monosaccharides would be classified as an aldose, ketose, triose, tetrose, pentose, or hexose (each can be classified into two different categories). Which of these sugars would exist predominantly in the cyclic form?arrow_forwardname the oxidation/reduction product for the given monosaccharidearrow_forward
- Identify the component monosaccharides of each of the following compounds and describe the type of glycosidic linkage in each.arrow_forwardExplain why some disaccharides such as maltose are reducing agents, whereas others, such as sucrose are not.arrow_forwardDescribe any two heteropolysaccharides in terms of: a. The types of monosaccharides involved b. types of glycosidic linkages, and c. possible hydrolysatesarrow_forward
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