Biological Science (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134678320
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 3TYK
Summary Introduction
To review:
The information storage pattern of the DNA to build and maintain a cell when its primary structure has mere four bases and the secondary structure of DNA is regular and highly stable.
Introduction:
The primary structure of the DNA molecule is composed of four nitrogenous bases named as guanine, thymine, adenine, and cytosine. The secondary structure of the DNA molecule contains two complementary DNA strands held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
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A DNA strand consists of any sequence of four kinds of nucleotides. Suppose there were only 14 different amino acids instead of 20. Which of the following statements would be correct descriptions of the minimal number of nucleotides necessary to create a genetic code?
a) 1
b)2, provided that chain termination does not require a special codon
c) 3, provided that chain termination does require a special codon
d)2, no matter how chain termination is accomplished
e) Both b and c
One DNA chain of a DNA double helix contains 18% A, 35% T, 28% C, and 21% G. What is the composition of the complementary DNA chain?
As we have focused on DNA, the molecule that stores genetic information in all living things. In particular, we discussed its structure and delved into how we analyze this molecule. Based on your knowledge of these topics,answer several fundamental questions:
Question: How do we know that the structure of DNA is in the form ofa right-handed double-helical molecule?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biological Science (7th Edition)
Ch. 16 - 2. Which of the following is an important...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 16 - A minimal genetic code requires only 21 codons–one...Ch. 16 - MODEL Draw a hypothetical metabolic pathway in...Ch. 16 - Prob. 11PIATCh. 16 - Prob. 12PIATCh. 16 - 13. A small portion of the human transport protein...Ch. 16 - Prob. 14PIAT
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- How many kilobases of the DNA strand below will code for the protein product?arrow_forwardDNA has unique properties that allow it to accurately retain genetic information, even after multiple rounds of replication. One aspect of DNA that allows it to accurately store genetic information is the base pairing from Chargaff's first rule of the four nucleotide bases. If the A content of a DNA molecule is 18%, what are the percentages of the remaining bases? T = G = C = % % %arrow_forwardHow important and useful to the cell is the ability of the DNA to assume various forms? Why are these various forms necessary?arrow_forward
- As we have focused on DNA, the molecule that stores genetic information in all living things. In particular, we discussed its structure and delved into how we analyze this molecule. Based on your knowledge of these topics,answer several fundamental questions: Question: How do we know that in DNA G pairs with C and that Apairs with T as complementary strands are formed?arrow_forwardThe double helical structure of DNA is intrinsically unstable and easily dissociates to form two separate strands. Why? How does this affect the two key biological functions of chromosomal DNA? What would happen if the DNA helices were too stable?arrow_forwardDNA structure depends on base pairing of its four nucleotides, A, C, T, and G. Nucleotide A pairs with T, and nucleotide C pairs with G. This forms a four-letter DNA “alphabet." Because DNA codes for amino acids in sets of three nucleotides, there are 4 cubed (4'), or 64, possible combinations, coding for 20 different amino acids. What is the best explanation for why there is no selective advantage for DNA to have five nucleotides (e.g., A, C, T, G, and E) with C pairing with either G or functionally equivalent E? It would be impossible to form the DNA molecule, because it must have an equal number of Cs and Gs. Because G and E have the same role, there would still be four functional letters of the alphabet. Replication would be inaccurate because sometimes C would bond with G and sometimes C would bond with E. There would be a five-letter alphabet with 125 combinations, which is too numerous. It is impossible because there are not five known nucleotides in the cell.arrow_forward
- If a DNA double helix contains 28% T nucleotides, then what is the percentage of A nucleotides?arrow_forwardDescribe the structure of DNA. The two strands of DNA are antiparallel. What does the term antiparallel mean? Describe how DNA is tightly packaged. Your description should include the terms histones, chromatin, nucleosomes and chromosomes.arrow_forwardWhat role does bonding play in DNA? Where are hydrogen bonds located? Where are covalent bonds located? Why is that significant to the overall structure and function of DNAarrow_forward
- List Some useful properties of DNA.arrow_forwardwhy can we not describe the “average” behavior of a DNA molecule? Why is it improbable that proteins needed for DNA structure, for example, form spontaneously from random amino acids?arrow_forward2) When DNA is placed in distilled water, which is pH 7.0, it denatures (i.e., the two strands separate). The pH inside a cell is generally 7.2-7.5, depending on the organism, but DNA is generally double-stranded under physiological conditions. Briefly explain, in your own words, why DNA denatures when placed in distilled water but not when it is inside a cell. [Reminder: the pKa for the phosphate groups in the sugar-phosphate backbone of a strand of DNA is 2.14]arrow_forward
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