Essentials of Biology (5th International Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781259660269
Author: Sylvia S. Mader, Dr., Michael Windelspecht
Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill
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Chapter 14, Problem 3TC
Both Darwin and Wallace, while observing life on islands, concluded that natural selection is the mechanism for biological evolution. The Hawaiian and nearby islands once had at least 50 species of honeycreepers, and they lived nowhere else on Earth. Natural selection occurs everywhere and in all species. What characteristics of islands allow the outcome of natural selection to be so obvious?
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Both Darwin and Wallace, while observing life on islands, concluded that natural selection is the mechanism for biological evolution. The Hawaiian and nearby islands once had at least 30 species of honeycreeper birds and lived nowhere else on earth. Natural section occurs everywhere in all species. What characteristics of islands allow the outcome of natural selection to be so obvious?
While the French biologist LaMarck was correct in proposing that evolution does occur, he believed that the long necks of giraffes evolved as generations of giraffes reached for ever higher leaves on the trees. Using these observations, LaMarck proposed the theory that evolution occurs due to the inheritance of characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime. From what you know about the scientific method, why is this incorrect?
Lamarck was an early naturalist who published his own ideas about species changing
over time. He, however was mistaken about one critical aspect of evolution. If you
could travel back in time what advice would you give Lamarck to correct his
misunderstanding?
Tell him that species actually do change and evolve over time
Tell him that traits acquired during an organisms life are not passed on to offspring
Tell him that artificial selection does not lead to new varieties of plants and animals
Tell him that characteristics are heritable: Parents do pass on their characteristics to their
offspring
Chapter 14 Solutions
Essentials of Biology (5th International Edition)
Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 14.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 14.1 - Prob. 3LOCh. 14.1 - Prob. 4LOCh. 14.1 - Summarize Cuvier`s and Lamarck’s views on...Ch. 14.1 - Distinguish between the process of natural...Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 14.1 - Prob. 1ACh. 14.1 - Prob. 2ACh. 14.1 - Prob. 3A
Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 4ACh. 14.1 - Prob. 5ACh. 14.2 - 1. Explain how the fossil record. biogeographical...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 14.2 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 14.2 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 14.2 - Prob. 6ACh. 14.2 - Prob. 7ACh. 14.2 - Prob. 8ACh. 14.2 - For questions 9-12, match the description with the...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 10ACh. 14.2 - Prob. 11ACh. 14.2 - Prob. 12ACh. 14.2 - Prob. 13ACh. 14.2 - Prob. 14ACh. 14 - Prob. 1BYBCh. 14 - Prob. 2BYBCh. 14 - Prob. S1.2BYBCh. 14 - Prob. S9.1BYBCh. 14 - Prob. S9.2BYBCh. 14 - Prob. 1TCCh. 14 - Prob. 2TCCh. 14 - Both Darwin and Wallace, while observing life on...
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- What are some of the ways that Darwin's theory of natural selection played out in human evolution? Can you see evidence of particular adaptations as our ancestors evolved, speciated, and in some cases went extinct?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT an essential component of Darwin's theory of natural selection? a) natural selection results in a population that is adapted to its environment b) use or disuse of a structure causes changes that are passed onto the next generation c) more offspring are produced than the environment can support d)heritable variation exists in populationsarrow_forwardWhich of the following ideas is NOT included in Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution? * Natural selection eliminates adaptive traits. The great variety of species live today resulted from the diversification of ancestral species. All organisms that have ever existed arose through evolutionary modifications of ancestral species. Natural selection drives some evolutionary changes. no answer There are four principles of natural selection namely: overproduction, adaptation, variation, and descent with modification. Which of the following situations BEST describes adaptation? * Jaguars with large teeth and jaws survive longer because they can eat shelled reptiles. By chance, some jaguars are born with slightly larger teeth and jaws. A jaguar may produce many offspring, but because of competition, not all of them will survive long enough to reproduce. Large teeth and jaws become more common in jaguars because they are heritable characteristics. no answerarrow_forward
- When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, he spent a significant amount of time on a topic he considered to be (in his words) “one special difficulty” to his theory: eusociality. Explain why eusociality constitutes a “difficulty” to the theory of evolution by natural selection, and how evolutionary biologists have been able to explain its evolutionarrow_forwardDarwin was not the first to propose a mechanism for evolution. Lamarck proposed “acquired inheritance” in which individuals inherit those traits acquired in the lifetime of their parents (e.g., long necks). Compare Lamark’s mechanism to Darwin’s mechanism for evolution (descent with modification). As part of your answer describe how each theory is similar to the other and how each is different? Finally, Lamarck’s theory can be easily shown to be unworkable (e.g., amputees don’t have babies that are amputees meaning babies don’t inherit the acquired trait). What makes Darwin’s theory workable when compared to Lamarck’s unworkable theory.arrow_forwardWhat are Darwin's four observations concerning natural selection? List and briefly explain each one with an example. How does natural selection impact evolution?arrow_forward
- Some worms eat at night (meaning they are nocturnal) and some worms eat during the day (meaning they are diurnal.) Most birds eat only during the day, so they are only eating diurnal worms, due to the fact that the nocturnal worms are burrowing during this time. Each spring when the worms reproduce about 500 offspring are born but only 100 of them live long enough to reproduce themselves. Explain how natural selection will occur and include the 4 principals of natural selection.arrow_forwardVhy was natural selection controversial to biologists in Darwin's time? It was a cruel and unfair principle as to why species change. B) It went against the religious beliefs of the time. There was no evidence that descent with modification during Darwin's time. He had no explanation for how advantageous traits were passed from parent to offspring.arrow_forwardDarwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution. How is it similar to artificial selection? How is it different?For natural selection to work, there must be genetic variation within a population as well as mutations? Why must there be both?arrow_forward
- How can Darwin's finches explain natural selection and descent with modification? What is another example of natural selection and descent with modification? In both of your answers, you should describe the trait that was selected for/against and why this trait was an advantage/disadvantage. Plus, state how natural selection changed the population over time.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not true of natural selection?(a) natural selection acts to preserve favorable traits and eliminate unfavorable traits (b) the offspring of individuals that are better adapted to the environment will make up a larger proportion of the next generation (c) natural selection directs the course of evolution by preserving the traitsacquired during an individual’s lifetime (d) natural selection Test Your Understanding acts on a population’s genetic variability, which arisesthrough mutation (e) natural selection may result in changes in allele frequencies in a populationarrow_forwardDarwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution. How is it similar to artificialselection? How is it different? For natural selection to work, there must be genetic variation within a population as well asmutations? Why must there be both?What is the difference between natural selection and sexual selection?arrow_forward
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