Chapter 13, Problem 13.56EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the number of ATP molecules that are produced from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule during the citric acid cycle.

Concept introduction: The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions in which acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) is used to produce ${\text{CO}}_2$, NADH and ${\text{FADH}}_2$ in a series of redox reactions.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life and provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the number of ATP molecules that are produced from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule during the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

Concept introduction: The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions in which acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) is used to produce ${\text{CO}}_2$, NADH and ${\text{FADH}}_2$ in a series of redox reactions.

Electron transfer chain is defined as a series of biochemical reactions in which the electrons and hydrogen ions $\left({\text{H}}^{+}\right)$ that are obtained from NADH and ${\text{FADH}}_2$ react with molecular oxygen $\left({\text{O}}_2\right)$ to produce water $\left({\text{H}}_2\text{O}\right)$.NADH and ${\text{FADH}}_2$ are oxidized through the redox reactions. The table to represent the molecule of ATP produced by the oxidation of one molecule of NADH and ${\text{FADH}}_2$ in the electron transfer chain is as follows:

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{NADH}& \text{3ATP}\\ {\text{FADH}}_{\text{2}}& \text{2ATP}\end{array}$

In the oxidative phosphorylation process, the electrons and hydrogen ions $\left({\text{H}}^{+}\right)$ that are obtained from NADH or ${\text{FADH}}_2$ are transferred to ${\text{O}}_2$ by electron carriers, as a result, ATP is synthesized from ADP in this biochemical process.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life and provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.