The reason a heroin addict feels very ill immediately after going "cold turkey" from heroin is likely a result of upregulation of opiate receptors in the postsynaptic cells. upregulation of endogenous opiates. downregulation of opiate receptors in the postsynatic cells. increased postsynaptic receptor sensitivity. downregulation of opiate reuptake transporters.
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- Which of the following statements about the relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems is NOT correct? Hypothalamus controls a part of the endocrine system called the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus produces ADH Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the production of hormones from the adrenal gland. None of these. Which refers to the time during which a neuron can undergo an action potential? the resting membrane potential the depolarization period of the neuron polarization period of the neuron O the membrane potentialEndorphins are substance P receptors. fit into opiate receptors. are natural analogues of cannabinoids. counter the effects of opiates. increase the production of substance P. None of these responses is correct. 0We talked about drug effects on neurons in sequence. The effect of alcohol is multi-faceted and the following question asks you to apply your knowledge. Imagine two neurons in sequence. The presynaptic neuron is GABAnergic and the postsynaptic neuron is dopaminergic. The effects of alcohol are not fully understood but it does seem to inhibit GABAnergic neurons. How would the release of dopamine from the postsynaptic neuron change in this case? Explain your answer, being sure to make each connection between concepts clear. If alcohol instead inhibited dopaminernergic neurons, in what way might the ion flow change in the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron of this example?
- Reserpine is a drug that can control high blood pressure by reducing the number of catecholamine neurotransmitters present in the synapse. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are examples of catecholamine neurotransmitters. One of the known side effects of reserpine is to cause the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson's disease is associated with dopamine. Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls muscle movement are gradually destroyed and the neurons can no longer produce dopamine to coordinate muscle movements. Reserpine causes symptoms by a. inhibiting the release of dopamine from the presynaptic neuron b. blocking the dopamine receptor in the postsynaptic neuron c. breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapse d. breaking down cholinesterase enzyme in the synapseUsing the adrenal medulla as an example, describe how the autonomic system achieves tonic control.During a sympathetic nervous system response to an event, your heart rate increases, indicating the part of the heart responsible for controlling heart rate (the sinoatrial node) is innervated by sympathetic nerves. The SA node is also responsive to epinephrine,a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla. Explain why the onset of the effect of the hormone is so much slower than the onset of the effect from sympathetic nerve stimulation and yet the effect of the hormone lasts much longer than the effect of nerve stimulation.
- Which of the following statements is true? Chemical messengers within cells are always the main determinant of the effector response. Dual innervation is always present in all organs and glands; one branch enhances the function or secretion, while the other branch inhibits it. The beating of the heart is regulated only by the sympathetic division. Some blood vessels contain alpha adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction in the presence of epinephrine, whereas others have beta adrenergic receptors that cause vasodilation in the presence of epinephrine.Among the given statements, which ones correctly describe the commonality in dopamine and epinephrine? Select the correct response(s): 10 0 Their formation involves esterification. They are associated with the sensation of pleasure. They are phenolic compounds. They are monoamine compounds. They act as hormones. They are anionic in nature. They are synthesized in the adrenaline glands. They can be synthesized from tyrosine only. They involve a transmethylation reaction in their synthesis.With respect to nerve impulses, the Rising Phase is initiated by binding of neurotransmitters to ligand channels. True False
- Epinephrine binds to both β-adrenergic and α-adrenergic receptors. Describe the opposite actions on the effector protein, adenylyl cyclase, elicited by the binding of epinephrine to these two types of receptors. Describe the effect of adding an agonist or antagonist to a β-adrenergic receptor on the activity of adenylyl cyclase.Which of the chemical messengers in the nervous system acts as a neuromodulator and has effects similar to opiates?Which of the following is not a mechanism of action of amphetamine? O release neurotransmitter in absence of action potentials O block reuptake of neurotransmitter O block enzyme from inactivating neurotransmitter block Ca+ channels