solution of the strong electrolyte KHC2O4 will have pHi, base. (h, An aqueous C20, 16.108 Succinic acid (H2C4H6O4), which we will denote H shown below. At 25 °C, the acid-dissociation constants for is a biologically relevant diprotic acid with the structure 6.9 X 10-5 and Ka2 %3D (a) Determine the pH of a 0.32 M solution of HSuc a 25 °C, assuming that only the first dissociation is relevant. (b) Determine the molar concentration of Suc in the solution in part (a). (c) Is the assumption you made in part (a) justified by the result from part (b)? (d) Will a solution succinic acid are K1 of the salt NaHSuc be acidic, neutral, or basic? Н НО. C. он qiner On8 llot O18(d) 16.109 Butyric acid is responsible for the foul smell of rancid but. ter. The pK, of butyric acid is 4.84. (a) Calculate the pK, for the butyrate ion. (b) Calculate the pH of a 0.050 M solution of butyric acid. (c) Calculate the pH of a 0.050 M solution of sodium butyrate. 16.110 Arrange the following 0.10 M solutions in order of increas- ing acidity: (i) NH,NO3, (ii) NaNO3, (iii) CH3COONH, (V) NaF, (v) CH3COONA. toitibbA 16.111 A 0.25 M solution of a salt NaA has pH = 9,29. What is the ibnl 20.7 value of K, for the parent acid HA? [16.112] The following observations are made about a diprotic acid H2A: (i) A 0.10 M solution of H2A has pH = 3.30. (ii) A 0.10M solution of the salt NaHA is acidic. Which of the follow- ing could be the value of pK2 for H,A; (i) 3,22, (ii) 5.30, (iii) 7.47, or (iy) 9 82?
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
16.110
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