Refer to the figure below. VI ATP II ADP II ADP ADP (P) Reference: Ref 20-2 In the figure, which panel, taken out of context, represents a state where muscle relaxation could be occurring? Select one: O a. II O b. IV O c. VI
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- Refer to the figure below. 一 IV I Reference: Ref 20-1 What state of muscle activity does this figure represent? Select one: a Somewhat contracted O b. Fully relaxed O c. Fully contracted O d. TetanyDiscuss the following statement: “The basal lam-ina of muscle fibers serves as a molecular bulletin board,in which adjoining cells can post messages that direct thedifferentiation and function of the underlying cells.”Explain how optimal skeletal muscle force (high muscle tension) can be achieved during a high intensity exercise. (Mention and explain how wave summation, motor recruitment summation, muscle length, and type of muscle fibers activated can affect muscle force).
- Explain the intracellular mechansim of smooth muscle relaxation of agaonist such as mepyrimine and atropine. Give diagram for each.a. Define the all-or-none principle. b. The same student remarked that at 180 mV stimulus, it is expected that 100 g mass is lifted by the muscle fibre. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?2. We discussed how muscle spindles allow for precision of movement as a muscle lengthens, and particular muscles which require more precise movements will contain more spindles. In addition to this precision control over muscle length, there are other differences between muscles which enable more precision in how much force is generated. Consider the two graphs below which depict force generated by two different muscles as additional motor units are recruited. Force Muscle A Load Force Muscle B Load a) Describe why the first steps for a low force contraction in both muscles are smaller than the later ones in the context of motor units and force production.
- e. M line: Photo courtesy of LUMEN (Loyola University Medical Education Network) 5. On the photograph above, label the A band, I band, z disc, and a sarcomere. I 6. The sliding filament theory is used to explain the physiology of skeletal muscle contraction. On your own, using what you have learned from this activity, write your own description of what the sliding filament theory states.* The figure below is called the It shows the amount of tension generated by a muscle and the force of contraction depends on how stretched or contracted it was before it was stimulated. * 100 80 (d) 60 (e) Normal /range 40 (a) 20 1.2 μm 1.6 μm 2.1 μm 2.2 um 2.6μm 3.6 μη Decreased length Increased length Optimal resting length Tension (percent of maximum)31) Provide one difference and one similarity in the process of contraction of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle. These could include channels, mechanisms, anatomic features etc (SHORT ANSWER PLEASE)
- Describe the three steps (in detail) and the regions where these steps occur required for a skeletal muscle contraction to occur. Diagram(s) is (are) encouraged.(1) The reading for today (Lieber and Ward, 2011) and your textbook describe the length-tension relationship of muscle, which can be explained by the figure below. Describe physiologically what is happening to explain the length-tension relationship, as shown by this figure. (a) 120 maximum tension (%) 100 80 60- 40 20 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 active (3) passive 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 length (um)ney: Load (L) = 5 kgs = Effort E = Fulcrum Weight of forearm = 1.8 kgs L = Load Biceps brachii muscle Distance of load from elbow joint = 35 cm %3D Effort (E) = contraction of biceps brachii Distance of center of mass of forearm from elbow = 17 cm Distance of tendon from elbow = 4 cm A) Draw the free-body diagram to represent the forces and moments Load (L) = weight of object plus forearm B) Write the torque equation for static equilibrium Fulcrum (F) = elbow joint
