ntrolling the cell cycle. Earlier researchers ha frog eggs (Xenopus) contained all the necess ired for DNA replication. This included protei noting factor (MPF). At the time of this study, ity and the research group wanted to test usi 1. In Figure 1 (a) MPF activity was tested for it ne (H1 in snerm chro matin ove hromatin ortain p
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- Cancer cells typically lose cell cycle entry control. Explain how the following mutations, which are found in some cancer cells, lead to a bypass of these controls: (a) overexpression of cyclin D, (b) loss of Rb function, (c) loss of p16 function, (d) hyperactive E2F.Explain the concept of loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Why do most cancer cells exhibit LOH of one or more genes? How does failure of the spindle assembly checkpoint lead to loss of heterozygosity?Mitotic spindle function relies heavily on microtubule motors. For each of the following motor proteins, predict the effect on spindle formation, function, or both of adding a drug that specifically inhibits only that motor: kinesin-5, kinesin-13, and kinesin-4.
- 3) The tumor suppressor protein Rb regulation of the entry into the S phase of the cell cycle is represented in this diagram. DNA Answer: b) Explain your choice above: Answer: Rb E2F Genes needed for S phase are NOT transcribed Growth factor Ras pathway Cdk-cyclin 30 ATP ADP Phosphorylated Rb protein P Rb E2F Gene transcription a) In hereditary retinoblastoma tumors, Rb is mutated. Among the following mutations, which one is not likely to be found in these tumors. 1) Mutation prevents Rb to bind E2F by modifying the binding site. 2) Mutation prevents Rb to be dephosphorylated and recycled (possibly by prevented phosphorylated Rb to be recognized by the phosphatase that removes its phosphates). 3) Mutation may cause Rb to be misfolded and not have a functional conformation 4) Mutation that prevent Rb to be phosphorylated by cdk-cyclin. 5) Mutation may cause Rb to be unstable and degraded rapidly. c) (4 pts) Human papilloma virus (HPV) infections are the main causes of cervical cancers.…in term of signal transduction how cell cycle/division is controlled?? ((while you are answerig plz write the refrence.))1. (a) Describe the generalized model of the cell cycle. Demonstrate how cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases can regulate the cell cycle. (b). Describe three ways in which cells lose their ability to regulate their growth to become cancerous.
- In order to investigate the cell cycle in HEK293 cells in culture, I ran a flow cytometry experiment. I labeled their nuclei with DAPI to analyze DNA content. In these flow cytometry plots below, label the two main phases of the cell cycle that you can see. Briefly, explain your answer.You are studying the effect of a M-phase cyclin B mutant on mitosis,. This protein has its lysines mutated to alanines such that it can not undergo ubiquitination Which of the following would occur? Select all that apply This mutant M-phase cyclin B will not be degraded in the proteosome The cell expressing this mutant M-phase cyclin B will stall in mitosis The cell expressing this mutant M-phase cyclin B will complete mitosis The cell expressing this mutant M-phase cyclin B will not exit mitosisImagine that there are mutations in the CDK genes such that their gene products are nonfunctional. What effect would this mutation have on an immature unspecialized blood cell precursor found in the bone marrow? The cell would not be able to reproduce itself. The cell would complete the cell cycle using cyclins in the absence of CDKS. The cell would be able to replicate its DNA but not translate DNA into RNA. The cell would be able to enter mitosis but not complete it. The cell would still phosphorylate the CDK-associated target proteins, and would do so more quickly.
- Briefly describe the cell cycle, its checkpoints, and the general proteins required to move past each checkpoint. For each cell cycle checkpoint, be sure to describe what the cell is "checking for" and how this "check" occurs, along with the result if the checkpoint cannot be passed. Your answer should also include a description of the structure of MPF, its regulation, and its general targets or functions. Be sure to include any accessory molecules or proteins involved in regulation of MPF, while also describing the process by which MPF is formed and activated. In this answer, you should also choose two proteins involved in the cell cycle, which, if mutated, will cause cancer. Describe these proteins and their normal functions, and then show how a mutation in these proteins will result in cancer.Suppose cells in an experiment had been labeled with green fluorescent tubulin. At the onset of Anaphase B, you use your laser to bleach a stripe across all of the microtubules on one side of the spindle as shown by the dashed line. This does not hurt the function of the microtubules in any way, but the bleached, nonfluorescent subunits in the microtubules now serve to mark a fixed location relative to the (+) and (-) ends. pl. membr. spindle A. Label one of each of the following: kinetochore MT, astral MT, polar MT. Indicate (+) and (-) ends. B. As the cell progresses through anaphase B, do the bleached spots get closer to, further from, or stay the same distance from the spindle pole they are embedded in? Why? Do they get closer to, further from, or stay the same distance from the plasma membrane? Why?Consider the figure below showing how the concentration of four cyclins (comp A to comp D) vary throughout the cell cycle. Comp B Comp C Comp D Comp A G1 Phase S Phase G2 Phase Mitosis i) Why does the concentration of different cyclins vary throughout the cell cycle? ií) which of the four cyclins shown represents the G1 cyclin? What is the function of this cyclin? Concentration