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- 1.76 Explain a fundamental characteristic that differentiates conduction from convection and radiation.1.63 Liquid oxygen (LOX) for the space shuttle is stored at 90 K prior to launch in a spherical container 4 m in diameter. To reduce the loss of oxygen, the sphere is insulated with superinsulation developed at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology's Cryogenic Division; the superinsulation has an effective thermal conductivity of 0.00012 W/m K. If the outside temperature is on the average and the LOX has a heat of vaporization of 213 J/g, calculate the thickness of insulation required to keep the LOX evaporation rate below 200 g/h.One end of a 0.3-m-long steel rod is connected to a wall at 204C. The other end is connected to a wall that is maintained at 93C. Air is blown across the rod so that a heat transfer coefficient of 17W/m2 K is maintained over the entire surface. If the diameter of the rod is 5 cm and the temperature of the air is 38C, what is the net rate of heat loss to the air?
- 2.29 In a cylindrical fuel rod of a nuclear reactor, heat is generated internally according to the equation where = local rate of heat generation per unit volume at r = outside radius = rate of heat generation per unit volume at the centerline Calculate the temperature drop from the centerline to the surface for a 2.5-cm-diameter rod having a thermal conductivity of if the rate of heat removal from its surface is 1.6 .1.4 To measure thermal conductivity, two similar 1-cm-thick specimens are placed in the apparatus shown in the accompanying sketch. Electric current is supplied to the guard heater, and a wattmeter shows that the power dissipation is 10 W. Thermocouples attached to the warmer and to the cooler surfaces show temperatures of 322 and 300 K, respectively. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the material at the mean temperature in W/m K. Problem 1.4A square silicon chip 7mm7mm in size and 0.5-mm thick is mounted on a plastic substrate as shown in the sketch below. The top surface of the chip is cooled by a synthetic liquid flowing over it. Electronic circuits on the bottom of the chip generate heat at a rate of 5 W that must be transferred through the chip. Estimate the steady-state temperature difference between the front and back surfaces of the chip. The thermal conductivity of silicon is 150 W/m K. Problem 1.6
- A pipe passes through a room in which the surrounding air is at 22 ºC. The diameter of the pipe is 200 mm, the length of the pipe is 3metersand its surface temperature is 250ºC and the emissivity of the surface is 0.9 What is the surface emissive power (radiation heat loss)? If convection heat transfer coefficient from the surface to the air is 20 W/m2.K, what is the rate of heat loss from the surface of pipe by convection? Total heat loss from the surface of the pipe per unit lengthA spherical metal ball of radius r0 (r initial) is completely heated in a furnace to the temperature Ti and then it is then removed from the furnace and allowed to be cooled by convection and radiation in the environment at temperature To.The emissivity of the outer surface of the sphere ɛ and the temperature of the surrounding surfaces are T.environment. Average heat The transfer coefficient is assumed to be h. Thermal conductivity variable and heat transfer over time The heat conduction equation of this problem, by assuming that Write the initial and boundary conditions. (Do not solve the problem.)the hot combustion gasses of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its surroundoing which are at 25c, by a brick wall 0.15 meter thick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 w/(m-k) and a surface emissivity of 0.8. under steady state condition and outer surface temperature of 100c is measured. the convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this surface is characterized by a convection of 20 /(m-k), what is the inner temperature?
- (50 marks) Q: A hot surface at 125°C is to be cooled by attaching 4 cm long, 0.2 cm diameter aluminum pin fins (k =237 Wim. °C) to it, with a center-to- center distance of 0.5 cm. The temperature of the surrounding medium is 25 °C, and the heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces is fos cm 25 W/m?. C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the surface 0.2 for a Ix0.5 m section of the plate. Also, determine the overall effectiveness of the fins.Steam is being transported in a pipe at a chemical production facility in Gebze, Kocaeli. Theouter diameter of the pipe is 8 cm, and the surrounding air temperature is 20 °C. On the surface of thepipe, the combined heat transfer coefficient is 35 W/m2*K. The surface temperature of the pipe is 150 °C.Steady-state conditions exist.(a) What is the rate of heat loss from the pipe to the surroundings?(b) The power used to generate the steam is obtained from natural gas. Perform an online search forapproximate values of the calorific value of natural gas, as well as the cost of natural gas per cubicmeter, and estimate the financial loss due to heat loss from this steam pipe within a period of oneyear. Indicate your sources clearly in your answer.It is observed that the temperature distribution, in steady-state, inside a one-dimensional wall with thermal conductivity equal to 50 W/mK and thickness of 50 mm has the form T(°C) = a + bx², where a = 200 °C and b = -2000 °C/m², and x is in meters. (a) What is the heat generation rate (q’’’) in the wall? (b) Determine the heat fluxes on both faces of the wall.