Name Separations of Food Dyes by Paper Chromatography 9-1 Date (b) Are the structures that have the N-C-O bond skeleton resonance forms of the structures that have the C-N-O bond skeleton? Explain. 31 (c) Considering the Lewis structures, formal charges of the atoms, and relative electronegativities of N, C. and O, specify the most plausible Lewis structures for cyanate ion, NCO, and isocyanate ion, CNO. (Spec- ify them using the assigned labels.) CNO structure(s): ; NCO structure(s): (d) Which structure for the isocyanate ion, CNO, is the least plausi bution? (Specify it using the as label.) n the rge distri

Name Separations of Food Dyes by Paper Chromatography 9-1 Date (b) Are the structures that have the N-C-O bond skeleton resonance forms of the structures that have the C-N-O bond skeleton? Explain. 31 (c) Considering the Lewis structures, formal charges of the atoms, and relative electronegativities of N, C. and O, specify the most plausible Lewis structures for cyanate ion, NCO, and isocyanate ion, CNO. (Spec- ify them using the assigned labels.) CNO structure(s): ; NCO structure(s): (d) Which structure for the isocyanate ion, CNO, is the least plausi bution? (Specify it using the as label.) n the rge distri

Chemistry: The Molecular Science

5th Edition

ISBN:9781285199047

Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski

Publisher:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski

Chapter6: Covalent Bonding

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 51QRT: Several Lewis structures can be written for perbromate ion, , the central Br with all single Br—O...

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Define formal charge and explain how to calculate it. What is the purpose of the formal charge? Organic compounds are composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen but also may have oxygen, nitrogen, and/or halogens in the formula. Formal charge arguments work very well for organic compounds when drawing the best Lewis structure. How do C, H, N, O, and Cl satisfy the octet rule in organic compounds so as to have a formula charge of zero?
Using the bond dissociation enthalpies in Table 8.8, estimate the enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane, CH4, to give water vapor and carbon dioxide gas.
Three known isomers exist of N2CO, with the atoms in these sequences: NOCN; ONNC; and ONCN. Write resonance structures for each isomer and use formal charge to predict which isomer is the most stable.
Several Lewis structures can be written for perbromate ion, , the central Br with all single Br—O bonds, or with one, two, or three Br=O double bonds. Draw the Lewis structures of these possible resonance structures, and use formal charges to predict which makes the greatest contribution to the resonance hybrid.
Write Lewis structures for the following: (c) C2F6 (contains a C¬C bond), (d) AsO3 3 -, (e) H2SO3 (H is bonded to O), (f) NH2Cl.. Arrange the bonds in each of the following sets in order of increasing polarity: (a) C¬F, O¬F, Be¬F; (b) O¬Cl, S¬Br, C¬P; (c) C¬S, B¬F, N¬O. What is the Lewis symbol for each of the following atoms or ions? (a) K, (b) As, (c) Sn2 + , (d) N3 Write electron configurations for the following ions and determine which have noble-gas configurations: (a) Cd2+, (b) P3-, (c) Zr4+
(a) Describe the molecule xenon trioxide, XeO3, using four possible Lewis structures, one each with zero, one, two, or three Xe—O double bonds. (b) Do any of these resonance structures satisfy the octet rule for every atom in the molecule? (c) Do any of the four Lewis structures have multiple resonance structures? If so, how many resonance structures do you find? (d) Which of the Lewis structures in (a) yields the most favorable formal charges for the molecule?
In addition to ammonia, nitrogen forms three other hy-drides: hydrazine (N₂H₄), diazene (N₂H₂), and tetrazene (N₄H₄).(a) Use Lewis structures to compare the strength, length, and or-der of nitrogen-nitrogen bonds in hydrazine, diazene, and N₂.(b) Tetrazene (atom sequence H₂NNNNH₂) decomposes above 0°C to hydrazine and nitrogen gas. Draw a Lewis structure fortetrazene, and calculate ΔH°ᵣₓₙ for this decomposition.
19. :O: || :0-N- O: Which of the following statements, if true, would support the claim that the NO3 ion, represented above, has three resonance structures? (A) The NO3 ion is not a polar species. (B) The oxygen-to-nitrogen-to-oxygen bond angles are 90°. (C) One of the bonds in NO3 is longer than the other two. (D) One of the bonds in NO3¯ is shorter than the other two.
(b) The Murchison meteorite that landed in Australia in 1969 contained 92 different amino acids, including 21 found in Earth organism A skeleton structure (single bond only) of one of these extraterrestrial amino acids is shown below. Draw a Lewis structure, and identify any atoms having a nonzero formal charge. H3N. C ČH2 ČH3 (c) Draw the orbital diagrams and Lewis symbols to depict the formation of Na* and CI ions from the atoms. Give the formula of the compound formed. (d) The predicted bond length for HF is 109 pm (the sum of the covalent radii of H, 37 pm and F, 72 pm), however the actual bond length for HF is shorter (92 pm). It was observed that the difference between predicted and actual bond lengths becomes smaller going down the halogen group from HF to HI Describe these observations
Ortho-Dichlorobenzene, C6H4Cl2, is obtained when two ofthe adjacent hydrogen atoms in benzene are replaced withCl atoms. A skeleton of the molecule is shown here. (a) Completea Lewis structure for the molecule using bonds andelectron pairs as needed. (b) Are there any resonance structuresfor the molecule? If so, sketch them. (c) Are the resonancestructures in (a) and (b) equivalent to one another asthey are in benzene?
Incomplete Lewis structures for the nitrous acid molecule,HNO2, and the nitrite ion, NO2-, are shown here. (a) Completeeach Lewis structure by adding electron pairs as needed.(b) Is the formal charge on N the same or different in thesetwo species? (c) Would either HNO2 or NO2- be expected toexhibit resonance? (d) Would you expect the N=O bond inHNO2 to be longer, shorter, or the same length as the N¬Obonds in NO2?
Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reactions using the bond enthalpy given below. (Bond enthalpy/kJ : H−H = 436, C−H = 413, C=O = 799, O=O = 495, O−H = 463) (a) H2(g) + 1⁄2O2(g) → H2O(g) (b) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

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