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- 7. An enzyme-catalyzed reaction proceeds by the mechanism below: B. E+S1→ ES --2E+P E+A 3 EA EA+S4 EAS --5 EA + P E+I 6 EI EAS+I7 → EAIS -8 EIS + P K. macronutrient L. enzyme activator/cofactor M. liposome N. anaerobic process O. aerobic process E = enzyme, S = substrate, I = inhibitor, P = product and A = activator Rate constants (k's) for the forward reactions are: kı, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6, k7, and ks Rate constants (k's) for the reverse reactions are: k-1, k-3, k-4, k-6, and k-7 Write the enzyme balance for this mechanism. 4 How many total equations will result from applying the RAPID EQUILIBRIUM ASSUMPTION? Using any concentrations of species in the mechanism and any of the rate constants (k's), write ONE of the6. What term is used to describe reactions that generate metabolic intermediates of a pathway? A. Amphibolic B. Anaplerotic C. Amphipathic D. Refilling3. (Part A) The intermediates of a pathway are shown in the following scheme. Using curved arrows, show the mechanism of each step labeled with a blue letter. Draw out the structures of all coenzymes, so that you can effectively show all arrow pushing. You may abbreviate the coenzymes by putting R groups on the molecule, but do draw out the parts of the structure that are involved in the arrow pushing. Please note that some of the transformations will require you to show multiple structures to show all of the arrow pushing (particularly some of the coenzyme-mediated steps). You do not need to show specific amino acid residues that perform the catalysis. You can abbreviate acidic amino acid residues "Enz-B-H" and basic residues "B-Enz". HO O O HO NH₂ OH ATP ADP (A) H₂O3PO H₂O (D) O NH₂ O HO. O OH NADPH (B) NADP+ OH ILI I Igr OH HO OH O OH NH₂ O NH₂ H₂O OH (E) (C) OH OH
- 1. Match the following words with their definitions. Product Active site Enzymes Catalyst Substrate Activation energy a. amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur b. substances that bring about a chemical reaction without being changed itself c. substances that enzymes act upon d. regions on the surface of enzymes that fit the substrate e. substance formed from the substrate at the end of the chemical reaction with an enzyme f. proteins that speed up a chemical reaction1. define in your own words enzyme 2. explain how enzymes act on a substrate 3. explain the term catalyst 4. what is meant by optimal conditions for enzymes and what are the conditions 5. explain what catalase is: what it helps to break down and into what parts.adenine molecule ii. NH2 N- НО-Р—О—Р—О—Р—О. ОН ОН ОН i. Phosphate chain ОН ОН iii ribose sugar
- 26. AN ORGANIC COFACTOR IN A CONJUGATED ENZYME?A. NEITHER VITAMINS NOR MINERALSB. MINERALS C. VITAMINSD. BOTH VITAMINS AND MINERALS 27. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS CONCERNING COFACTORS IS INCORRECT?A. VITAMINS CANNOT BE COFACTORSB. SOME COFACTORS ARE METAL IONS C. COFACTOR IS THE NON-PROTEIN PORTION OF ENZYME D. CONJUGATED ENZYMES CONTAIN COFACTORS 28. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING VITAMINS IS NOT A FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN? A. VITAMIN E B. VITAMIN C C. VITAMIN A D. VITAMIN D 29. WHAT HAPPENS TO SUBSTRATE MOLECULES AT AN ENZYME ACTIVE SITE?A. ALWAYS REACT WITH OXYGEN B. UNDERGO CHANGE TO A DESIRED PRODUCTS C. BECOME CATALYST C ALWAYS REACT WITH OXYGEN B UNDERGO CHANGE TO A DESIRED PRODUCT D. BECOME COVALENTLY BONDED TO THE ENZYME D. BECOME COVALENTLY BONDED TO THE ENZYME 30. ACTION OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AND ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE ARE BASED ON?A. REVERSIBLE ENZYME INHIBITOR B. IRREVERSIBLE ENZYME INHIBITOR C. REVERSIBLE ENZYME ACTIVATOR D. IRREVERSIBLE ENZYME ACTIVATOR7. Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions? The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme b. The free energy change of the reaction is opposite from the reaction without the enzyme The reaction always goes in the direction toward chemical equilibrium d. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions require energy to activate the enzyme e. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions release more free energy than noncatalyzed reactions The following questions are based on the reaction A+B C+D Free Energy- A+B Progress of the Reaction C.D3. Describe the function of each of the following molecules/cofactors: a. ATP b. NAD+ c. FAD d. Coenzyme A
- 3. a. In the process of converting ADP to ATP, water is circle one: (REQUIRED / RELEASED) and therefore this is called a reaction type. Does this type of reaction require an enzyme? circle one: ( NO / YES / sometimes ) This reaction circle one: (REQUIRES / RELEASES) energy! b. In the process of converting ATP to ADP, water is circle one: (REQUIRED / RELEASED) and therefore this is called a reaction type. Does this type of reaction require an enzyme? circle one: ( NO / YES / sometimes ) This reaction circle one: (REQUIRES / RELEASES) energy! c. Explain why ATP is like a rechargeable battery.3. Which of the following statements regarding enzymes and transition states is true? a. stabilization of the transition state must be less than stabilization of ES for catalysis to occur b. binding of substrate to an enzyme often causes strain, thus promoting transition state formation c. the transition state conformation of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is identical to the conformation seen in the uncatalyzed transition state d. formation of the transition state always assures that the reaction will proceed to product e. none of the above are true 4. What is the starting point for selection of a suitable ion-exchange chromatography matrix for purification of a recombinant protein? a. Prediction of isoelectric point (pl) from the amino acid sequence. b. Test protein binding to an ion-exchange matrix at a range of pHs and salt concentrations. c. Test protein binding to a selection of anion and cation exchange matrices. d. Pass your sample through a preparative column and elute with a…12. Enzymes are characterized by all of the following except A. are mostly proteins. B. are described as biological catalysts. C. increase the free energy of a reaction. D. are substrate specific. E. comes out of reactions unchanged.