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macroscopically describe the appearance of a normal and abnormal stool
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- The concentration of urea in urine is always much higher than the concentration in plasma. Does this mean that urea is secreted? Hint: remember that concentration is a ratio.Illustrate the process of bilirubin formation starting from red blood cell destruction. (Indicate where Unconjugated bilirubin and Conjugated bilirubin is formed. Draw a line separating pre-renal, renal and post-renal.)Explain briefly what does excess amount of creatinine in urine indicate?
- Discuss the diagnostic significance of an elevated/decreased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levelExplain what effect on total protein concentration you would expect to see during dehydration. Would you expect to see an increase in total protein? Why? Explain whether you would expect to see an increase or decrease in total protein concentration in haemorrhage. Would you expect a decrease? Why?The presence of compounds in urine, depending on the level or range, are indications of underlying disorders. Using glucose as an example, what does the presence of this compound in the urine indicate? And after seeing this compound consecutively in the result, what would be the best course of action to take?
- A 44-year-old woman was experiencing headaches and fatigue. The consultingphysician recommended testing glucose and electrolytes. The results are attached in the picture below: (a) What is the difference between serum and plasma? (b) Describe the results (c) Plasma glucose levels lower than 20 mg/dl can be fatal. As the patient’s resultsdid not match with her clinical presentation, the consulting biochemist decidedto investigate this test, and found that the glucose analyser was giving theresults in mM, but the lab assistant had assumed the results were in mg/dl. Isthis error pre-analytical, analytical or post-analytical? (d) 1 mM glucose = 18 mg/dL glucose. What is the patient’s fasting plasmaglucose in mg/dL, and is it within the normal range? (e) Describe possible consequences of this error.Explain why a dialysis solution would initially be low in urea buthigh in bicarbonate content.Given: For urea, the rate of excretion equals to the GFR times the urea concentration in plasma. (A) If the urea concentration in plasma is 4.5 mmol/l, what GFR (in l/day) would correspond to an excretion rate of 450 mmol/day. (B) If the urea clearance is 70 ml/min and the GFR is 125 ml/min, what fraction of urea is being reabsorbed. (answer A and B)
