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Introduction :
Peristalsis : Food is moved along the digestive tract by a sequence of involuntary muscle contractions called peristalsis. Food is moved through the oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum by the wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in the digestive tract. Peristalsis only helps to propel the food down the digestive tract. It doesn't help in the digestion.
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- Img. 15. Intestinal wall Mark in the scheme: a. Mucosa b. Submucosa c. Choroid and nerve plexus of submucosa d. Glands e. Muscle shell f. Mesentery with nerves and 164, The following is correct regarding gastrointestinal tracts and accessory organ a, gastrointestinal tracts include the liver b, Accessor organs includes the pancreas c, both are correct d, None of the above4 Which of the following organs is not part of the alimentary canal? a. Esophagus b. Gallbladder c. Cecum d. Ileum 5 Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). If the statement is false, correct it so it becomes a true statement. a. The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the mesentery. b. The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum. c. The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle that contract to churn food into chyme. d. The gallbladder produces and stores bile. e. The small intestine features three sets of progressively smaller folds that increase surface area for absorption. f. The liver consists of plates of hexagonal liver lobules. 6 Label the following structures on Figure 15.35. Circular layer of smooth muscle Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle O Lumen O Mucosa O Muscularis mucosae Serosa OSubmucosa
- II. Sequence the path of food in the Human Digestive System. Write numbers1-7onyour раper. a. On reaching the end of the small intestine, all the digested food products, along with the minerals and vitamins that are useful to the body, should have been removed from the watery contents. These materials are then passed on to the large intestine. b. The waves of muscular contractions known as peristalsis move food down this thin-walled tube to a muscular bag known as the stomach. Both physical and chemical digestion occurs within the stomach. c. A structure at the bottom of the stomach known as the pyloric sphincter controls the entry of chyme into the first part of the small intestine and most of the chemical digestion occurs within the first meter. Once digested into smaller molecules, absorption can take place. d. Food is taken into the mouth where it is physically broken down by the teeth into smaller pieces. The presence of food in the mouth triggers a nervous reflex that causes the…4 Which of the following organs is not part of the alimentary canal? a. Esophagus b. Gallbladder c. Cecum d. Ileum 5 Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). If the statement is false, correct it so it becomes a true statement. a. The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the mesentery. b. The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum. c. The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle that contract to churn food into chyme. d. The gallbladder produces and stores bile. e. The small intestine features three sets of progressively smaller folds that increase surface area for absorption. f. The liver consists of plates of hexagonal liver lobules. 6 Label the following structures on Figure 15.35. O Circular layer of smooth muscle O Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle O Lumen O Mucosa O Muscularis mucosae O Serosa O Submucosa14. Various types of glands form a part of the alimentary canal wall or duct their secretions into it. Match the glands listed B with the function/locations described in column A. Column A Column B a. duodenal glands 1. produce(s) mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine 2. b. gastric glands produce(s) a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth C. intestinal crypts 3. produce(s) many enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum d. liver 4. produce(s) bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct e. pancreas 5. produce(s) HCI and pepsinogen f. salivary glands 6. found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produce(s) intestinal juice
- Describe/Explain each of the following: 1. Salivary Digestion 2. Gastric Digestion 3. Intestinal DigestionIX. Sequerice of Events: Fat Digestion Arrange the events by inserting numbers in the spaces provided. The first step has been provided to get you started. A. A fat globule enters the duodenum. B. Pancreatic lipase begins to digest fat. C. Triglycerides travel through the lymphatic system and enter the bloodstream at the ieft subclavian vein. D. Glycerol and short-chain fatty acids are absorbed into the bloodstream of villi, and long-chain fatty acids are absorbed into the walls of the villi. E. Two substances in bile (lecithin and bile salts) emulsify fat. F. Fats are broken down into a mixture of glycerol, short-chairn fatty acids, long-chain fatty acids, and monoglycerides. G. The gallbladder secretes bile. H. Triglycerides enter the lacteal of the villi.8 9 T Circular4 Folds Pancreas Model Hepatic Portal V. SMV Hepatic A. Proper 5 SMA 2 Splenic V. L. Gastric A. 7 IMV 3
- TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ALIMENTARY TUBE 1. Match each layer of the alimentary tube with the proper descriptive statements. Use each letter once. Two answer lines will bave three correct letters, and two will have two correct letters. A. Includes the epitchelial tissue that lines the organ B. Above the diaphragm; made of fibrous connective tissue C. Made of areolar connective tissue D. Secretes mucus and digestive enzymes E. Made of two layers (typically) of smooth muscle E Contains lymph nodules to destroy pathogens G. Contains Meissner's plexus, enteric nerves that regulate secretions of the mucosa 1) Mucosa 2) Submucosa 3) External muscle layer 4) Serosa H. Contains Auerbach's plexus, enteric nerves that regulate peristalsis I. Below the diaphragm; is the mesentery J. Provides mechanical digestion and peristalsis6. An alkaline environment is required in the duodenum to A. activate pepsinogen. B. activate intestinal and pancreatic enzymes. C. activate bile salts. D. produce mucus. E. give feces its characteristic brown color. 7. Which of the following is a major cause of liver cancer? A. Anorexia B. Acute pancreatitis C. Hemorrhage D. Cirrhosis E. Hepatomegaly 8. Which of the following can lead to acute pancreatitis? A. Malnutrition B. Blockage of bile duct C. Hemorrhage D. Smoking E. H. pylori infection 9. Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of A. bacteria in urine. B. leukocytes in urine. C. painful urination. D. frequent urination. E. urinary casts.1. The accessory organs of digestion are the m outh, esophagus, stomach, sm all intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus. O True O False 2. Chemical digestion is brought about by enzyme actions on the different food groups. O True O False 3. Digestion is the process of breaking down food so that it can be absorbed by the body. True O False 4. During the mechanical phase, food is broken down into small pieces bythe process of chewing. True O False 5. The tongue functions to grind and crush the food. O True False