In a negative feedback loop, elevated blood levels of TH would result in which of the following? Increased release of TSH Decreased release of TRH Decreased release of GHRH Increased release of somatotropin
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- During a sympathetic nervous system response to an event, your heart rate increases, indicating the part of the heart responsible for controlling heart rate (the sinoatrial node) is innervated by sympathetic nerves. The SA node is also responsive to epinephrine,a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla. Explain why the onset of the effect of the hormone is so much slower than the onset of the effect from sympathetic nerve stimulation and yet the effect of the hormone lasts much longer than the effect of nerve stimulation.For each of the following statements, select whether it corresponds to ADH, oxytocin, or both. Produced by the hypothalamus AnswerADHoxytocinboth Stored in the posterior pituitary AnswerADHoxytocinboth Induces contractions in smooth muscle AnswerADHoxytocinboth Increased blood pressure with increased levels AnswerADHoxytocinboth Regulated by positive feedback AnswerADHoxytocinboth Regulated by negative feedback AnswerADHoxytocinboth Results in diabetes insipidus with low levels of secretion or response AnswerADHoxytocinboth Prevents successful breastfeeding with low levels AnswerADHoxytocinbothVasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a peptide hormone synthesized in the a) hypothalamus. This hormone, when present, induces expression of water transport proteins (aquaporins) in the late distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidney to increase water reabsorption. Binding to the receptor triggers an intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) pathway. Arrange the following steps of hormone signalling in the proper order by putting 1, 2, 3, etc in the space provided, CAMP activates CAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Recruitment of inactive G-protein made of heterotrimeric subunits which has GDP bound to a-subunit. Conformation change in GPCR. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into CAMP. PKA phosphorylates proteins in the cell. A cellular response is seen in the cell. a-subunit with GTP bound activates adenylyl cyclase. Activation of G-protein, thus GDP released an GTP binds to a-subunit. a-subunit of G-protein dissociates from By-dimer. Hormone binding to its…
- The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases the hormones oxytocin and ADH. The secretion of each hormone is regulated differently.Explain the difference between positive and negative feedback using the feedback pathways for oxytocin and ADH as examples.Define the term dynactin,Compare and contrast the structure and functions ofhypothalamic neurosecretory neurons that send their axonsto the posterior pituitary gland with those of hypothalamicneurosecretory neurons that have axons terminating on thecapillary network of the median eminence.
- 1) As a physiologist, which of the following terms should you immediately associate with negative feedback regulation? Answer choices Constancy Relative constancy Relative constancy in interstitial fluid Relative constancy in intracellular fluid 2) Which of the following is true about physiological set-points? Answer choices They act as the integrating center in a negative feedback arc They represent the internal environment They are determined by the actions of the receptors and integrating centers They are constant They act as the effector in a negative feedback arc 3) What is the general purpose of negative feedback mechanisms? Answer choice a. to maintain a constant internal environment b. To anticipate changes in the environment c. To return a variable to its set-point d. To bring about the rapid change of a variable e. To detect changes in the external environmentThe kidneys are important regulators of blood volume (and thus MAP) and the ionic composition and pH of plasma . The amount of water reabsorbed or lost is hormonally regulated. Both the amount of blood that is filtered (glomerular filtration rate) and the amount of water that is reabsorbed is determined by hormones binding with receptors. In order to understand why the level of any given hormone is elevated or low in the blood, it is necessary to think in terms of homeostasis loops for each hormone, and what the initial disturbance to homeostasis was. In other words “who started it”! What NON STEROID hormone is produced at the end (but as part of) of the RAS pathway?The kidneys are important regulators of blood volume (and thus MAP) and the ionic composition and pH of plasma. The amount of water reabsorbed or lost is hormonally regulated. Both the amount of blood that is filtered (glomerular filtration rate) and the amount of water that is reabsorbed is determined by hormones binding with receptors. In order to understand why the level of any given hormone is elevated or low in the blood, it is necessary to think in terms of homeostasis loops for each hormone, and what the initial disturbance to homeostasis was. In other words "who started it"! What STEROID hormone is elevated by increased activation of the RAS pathway?
- A women after car accident has sustained head trauma with a fracture of the base of her skull. She was told that her pituitary gland and hypothalamus region can be affected due to trauma-related bleeding. What most serious consequences would you suspect in regards of ADH and oxytocin release? If ADH and oxytocin from pituitary gland are released into the portal venous circulation briefly describe how they reach target cells.What happens when excess secretion of ADH occurs? State two causes of this.Describe how blood sugar (e.g. glucose plasma concentration) is regulated with the hormones, insulin, and glucagon. For this feedback loop, identify the following components of the feedback loop: stimulus, receptor, control center, efferent pathway, effector, and response. Be comfortable with this feedback loop to be able to describe the effects of changing various components of the feedback loop.
