If a bacterial culture with initial cells number (No) increases by a factor of 2 in one generation and n is the time as given by the formula in equation 1. N = (2")No -----(1) (a) Assuming the bacterial cell divides every 20 minutes under standard conditions calculate the number of cell division in 4 hours, (b) Calculate the number of cells produced after 4 hours. (c) How many hours will it take to produce 8192 cells under the same conditions. (d) If one bacteria cell divides every 30 minutes, calculate the hours.
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- Consider a batch culture of sphere-shaped bacteria in a growth medium or broth, in which the mean cell diameter of the bacteria is 2.0 μm (micron). Show all your calculations and assumptions in answering the questions below: What is the volume of one of these sphere-shaped cells, expressed in liters? If there are 3 x 10^12 cells in one liter of this culture broth, what percentage of the volume is occupied by bacteria and what percentage is occupied by the cell culture broth (water only)? If the cells contain 80% water, what is the dry cell concentration, expressed as “grams dry weight/Liter of broth”? You should assume that the density of the cells dry mass is approximately 1.0 gr/cm3Using two centrifuges (A and B), with maximum speeds of 1500 rpm (r = 8 cm) and 3000 rpm (r = 8 cm), respectively, construct a separation scheme for separating three subcellular structures with the following xg requirements: PAT – 150 xg - SAT – 120,000 xg НАТ - 650 хgFor most cell types, serum must be added to the media to get cells to grow and proliferate in culture. Nevertheless, serum is very expensive and can complicate experiments utilizing the cells. Many companies have developed "artificial serum" which enables cells to multiply without the use of serum. See data below. What are likely components of the artificial serum that enables cells to grow. Explain (limit 3-4sentences). Non 2% Human plasma 1% Artificial serum(XF) 1% Artificial serum(AF) 104 cells/cm² Cell density cultured after 4 days 127 10- 2 0 NON 2% 1% 1% Human Artificial Artificial plasma serum(XF) serum(AF) PDL [times] 30- 25+ 20- 15- 10- 5- 0 -2% Human plasma 0 Subculture 1% Artificial serum (XF) 1% Artificial serum(AF) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Culture days Medium: HFDM-1 (+) was used.
- Ms. Michi is a researcher in a renowned pharmaceutical company based in Singapore. One of the cell lines in the lab is suspected to be contaminated. She is culturing NIH 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3 (ATCC® CRL-1658TM). Figure 1 below illustrates her observation under the inverted phase contrast microscope. a) b) c) d) e) Figure 1 (Routray et al., 2016) What type of contamination is her laboratory facing? Explain your answer. Give FOUR (4) suggestions to Michi in order to prevent such contamination in future Besides the contamination stated in Question 2 a), name FIVE (5) other contaminations that Michi should be aware of. During a routine check, Michi's superior requests her to characterize cell lines available in the storage to determine their authenticity. Describe TWO (2) effective cell line characterization methods that she can utilize for this purpose. The pharmaceutical company wants to improve its toxicity testing by replacing monolayer culture with spheroid…3) Examine the graph showing the relative percentage normal and cancer cells spend in various stages of the cell cycle. Based on the information in the graphs, infer how cancer cells differ from typical, noncancerous cells. Select ALL that apply. A) Cancer cells do not replicate their DNA. B) Cancer cells replicate their DNA too quickly. C) Cancer cells do not go through interphase during their cell cycle. D) Cancer cells spend more time dividing compared to typical cells. E) Cancer cells do not always grow to the same size as typical cells. more than 1 answer. not gradedThree actively growing cultures of the same strain of yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) are used. Culture A has been incubated for 48 hours and Culture B has been incubated for 24hours and Culture C for 6 hours. a) Make a drawing of the cells from each culture to identify the various stages of the cell division. b) Is there any difference between the 3 cultures?
- Yeast cells are eukaryotes, and they require a functional secretory pathway to grow and to maintain cellular organization. But surprisingly, when SRP is removed from yeast cells by deleting the relevant genes, the cells are still alive (although they grow slowly). a) How can yeast survive without SRP? Propose two alternative hypotheses. b) How might electron microscopy of normal and SRP-deficient yeast cells help you to distinguish between these two hypotheses?Airborne Plate, matching 3 8. 6. 9 3 3A plaque assay is performed beginning with 1 mL of a solution containing bacteriophages. This solution is serially diluted 3 times by combining 0.1 mL of each sequential dilution with 9.9 mL of liquid medium. Then 0.1 mL of the final dilution is plated in the plaque assay and yields 12 plaques.What is the initial density of bacteriophages in the original 1 mL? Enter your answer to two significant figures ( for example: 1.1 * 10^2)
- Several cell culture lines of epithelial cells, called “Cell Line A, B, or C,” are incubated with 104 infectious particles of influenza virus, and viral titers in the culture media are measured 2 days later. Looking at the results of this experiment, it is apparent that the three lines do not all show the same response to the virus. To investigate these differences, mixing experiments are performed, where cells from two different cell lines are mixed together at a 1:1 ratio before the Influenza infection. Based on the results shown in the figure below, propose an explanation for these data.What is the final result of mitosis in a human A) nearly genetically identical 2n somatic cells B) genetically different 2n somatic cells C) nearly genetically identical 1n somatic cells D) genetically identical 2n gamete cells Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) A single, replicated chromosome with sister chromatids has two centromeres. B) A single, unreplicated chromosome has two DNA molecules. C) Sister chromatids from a single chromosome are connected at the centromere. D) Homologous chromosomes are connected at the centromere. The first gap in the cell cycle (G1) corresponds to _____. A) normal growth and cell function B) the phase in which DNA is being replicated C) the beginning of mitosis D) the phase between DNA replication and the M phase In a diploid cell from a specific species has 5 chromosome pairs, how many sister chromatids will be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis? (Draw it!) A) 5 B) 10 C) 20 D) 40 Consider a cell from the species above.…1) If direct stains work so well, why would we ever use indirect stains? Give two reasons why you might choose to use indirect stains instead of direct stains? 2) Assume that two days (dye A and dye B) were applied to bacterial smear. The cells were stained by dye A while the slide background was stained with dye B. Which stain had an anionic chromogen? Which stain had a cationic chromogen?