HIF1 and HIF2 promote survival in hypoxia through two mechanisms. First, they induce expression of angiogenic genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in order to increase the blood supply to reoxygenate the tissue. Second, they promote metabolic reprogramming in order to maintain ATP supplies while limiting damaging electron loss from the electron transport chain. Group of answer choices True False

HIF1 and HIF2 promote survival in hypoxia through two mechanisms. First, they induce expression of angiogenic genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in order to increase the blood supply to reoxygenate the tissue. Second, they promote metabolic reprogramming in order to maintain ATP supplies while limiting damaging electron loss from the electron transport chain. Group of answer choices True False

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter18: Glycolysis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 20P: Understanding the Mechanism of Hemolytic Anemia Genetic defects in glycolytic enzymes can have...

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In one type of hemoglobin mutant the amino acid change generates a strong ionic interaction stabilizing the T state conformation, but only under conditions of lower pH, e.g., at pH 7.2 compared to pH 7.6. Explain what effect this mutation would have on the amount of O2 delivered to the tissue. More O2 delivered to the tissue because the R-T equilibrium would be shifted to the T state in tissues. More O₂ delivered to the tissue because the R-T equilibrium would be shifted to the T state in lungs. Less O2 delivered to the tissue because the R-T equilibrium would be shifted to the T state in lungs. Less O₂ delivered to the tissue because the R-T equilibrium would be shifted to the T state in tissues. More O2 delivered to the tissue because the R-T equilibrium would be shifted to the R state in tissues.
In active muscle cells, the pO₂ is about 10 torr at the cell surface and 1 torr at the mitochondria (the organelles where oxidative metabolism occurs). Calculate the percentage of bound oxygen transported to the mitochondria of muscle cells by myoglobin (KD = 2 torr). A new oxygen transport protein that exhibits cooperative binding has been isolated and is being studied in the lab. Calculate the Ko value if Y = 0.76 when pO₂2 = 18 torr (assume n = 2.5). How does this compare to the K₂ value for hemoglobin? Does this protein bind more or less tightly to oxygen compared to hemoglobin?
a. b. C. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) has recently been discovered to be important for cell survival. The synthesis of SPP form sphingosine and ATP is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingosine kinase. An understanding of the kinetics of the sphingosine kinase reaction may be important in the development of drugs to treat cancer. The velocity of the sphingosine kinase reaction was measured in the presence (5 µM) and absence of threo-sphingosine, a stereoisomer of sphingosine. The results are shown below. The sphingosine kinase used in all the reactions was 10 mg. Sphingosine (uM) 2.5 3.5 5 10 20 50 vo (mg. min-¹) (no inhibitor) 32.3 40 50.8 72 87.7 115.4 What are the KM and V MAX in the presence and absence of the inhibitor? What kind of an inhibitor is threo-sphingosine? What is the K₁ value? What is the Keat (turn over number)? vo (mg. min-¹) (with threo-sphingosine) 7.6 10.5 14.6 25.4 43.9 70.8
A new oxygen transport protein that exhibits cooperative binding has been isolated and is beingstudied in the lab. Calculate the KD value if Y = 0.76 when pO2 = 18 torr (assume n = 2.5). Howdoes this compare to the KD value for hemoglobin? Does this protein bind more or less tightly tooxygen compared to hemoglobin?
Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human bloodserum. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyzebiological phosphate esters as follows:R-O-P-O3-2 + H2O -----> R-OH + HO-P-O3-2Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver,and prostrate gland. The enzyme from the prostrate gland is clinically important because anincreased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostrate gland.Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostrate gland, but not acidphosphatases from other tissues. How can you use the information above to develop a specific procedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostrate gland in humanblood serum?
Describe the major activity and possible localization of the three major subgroups of proteins that remodel or degrade the ECM in physiological or pathological tissue remodeling. Identify a pathological condition in which these proteins play a key role.
Blood lactate is a biochemical by-product that is produced during high-intensity exercise due to insufficient oxygen intake. Commercially available drinks advertised as oxygen sup- plements claim to increase exercise performance and decrease the postexercise recovery period by decreasing the accumulation and accelerating the removal of blood lactate. To test this claim, researchers conducted a controlled experiment to compare the concen- tration of blood lactate during exercise and during recovery between two participant groups, one that ingested oxygen-supplemented water and another that ingested regular water. ( blood lactate (mmol/liter) C A B start с Exercise D middle -o-oxygen-supplemented water --regular water finish blood lactate (millimole/liter) b N The mean blood lactate concentration during exercise (left) and recovery (right) Which of the following best describes the results of the experiment? Recovery 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 time (mins) --oxygen-supplemented water…
The inner leaflet (monolayer) of the human erythrocyte membrane consists predominantly of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. The outer leaflet consists predominantly of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Although the phospholipid components of the membrane can diffuse in the fluid bilayer, this sidedness is preserved at all times. How?
Blood lactate is a biochemical by-product that is produced during high-intensity exercise due to insufficient oxygen intake. Commercially available drinks advertised as oxygen sup- plements claim to increase exercise performance and decrease the postexercise recovery period by decreasing the accumulation and accelerating the removal of blood lactate. To test this claim, researchers conducted a controlled experiment to compare the concen- tration of blood lactate during exercise and during recovery between two participant groups, one that ingested oxygen-supplemented water and another that ingested regular water. blood lactate (millimole/liter) U A B start с Exercise D middle -o-oxygen-supplemented water regular water finish The mean blood lactate concentration during exercise (left) and recovery (right) Which of the following identifies the dependent variable in this experiment? the concentration of blood lactate the duration of the recovery period blood lactate (mmol/liter) the…
Ibuprofen and indomethacin are clinically important inhibitors of prostaglandin H₂ synthase-1. Cells expressing this enzyme were incubated under four different conditions, after which the activity of the enzyme was measured by adding radiolabeled arachidonic acid and detecting newly-produced prostaglandin H₂: 1. 40 min without inhibitor (control) 2. 40 min with inhibitor 3. 40 min with inhibitor, after which the cells were resuspended in medium without inhibitor 4. 40 min with inhibitor, after which the cells were resuspended in medium without inhibitor and incubated for an additional 30 min The bar graphs show the results of the experiments with ibuprofen and indomethacin. The bars in each graph correspond to the four different incubation conditions. Ibuprofen Prostaglandin H₂ synthesized (relative to control) 100 80 60 40 20 I I I (1) (2) ll (3) (4) Prostaglandin H₂ synthesized (relative to control) 100k 80 60 40 20 I (1) Indomethacin (2) (3) (4)
Question:- Explain why it makes sense for the PDH complex in liver to be active when dephosphorylated.
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