EVOLUTION LINK Explain some of the evolutionary implications that one can conclude from mice and humans having about five hundred DNA segments that are completely identical.
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- . a. If you found a zinc-finger domain (which facilitates DNA binding) in a newly identified gene,what kinds of hypotheses could you make aboutthe gene’s function?b. Suppose that this newly identified gene shares ahigh percentage of similarity throughout its lengthwith a previously characterized gene in the sameorganism. What does this fact suggest about the origin of the two genes? Would you categorize thesegenes as being: (i) homologous, (ii) paralogous, or(iii) orthologous? (More than one answer may apply.)Give two different reasons for the much higher ratioof total DNA to protein-encoding DNA in the humangenome as compared to bacterial genomes.. The physicist Stephen Hawking, famous for his theories about black holes, has lived past the age of 70 withamyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a paralyzing neurodegenerative disease that is usually fatal at a muchyounger age. Recently, geneticists discovered that amajor cause of ALS is the unusual expansion of ahexanucleotide repeat (5′-GGGGCC-3′) that lieswithin a gene called C9ORF72, at a location outside ofthe gene’s open reading frame (ORF). A single expanded allele is sufficient to cause ALS, but the reasonthe disease allele is dominant remains unclear. Someexperimental results support the theory that the allelemakes a toxic RNA containing the expanded repeat. Ifthis theory is correct, in what ways is the mutant ALScausing allele similar to the mutant allele that causesHuntington disease? In what ways is it similar to themutant allele that causes fragile X syndrome?
- Reverse translation is a term given to the process ofdeducing the DNA sequence that could encode a particular protein. If you had the amino acid sequenceTrp His Ile Met:a. What human nuclear DNA sequence could haveencoded these amino acids? (Include all possiblevariations.)b. What human mitochondrial DNA sequence couldhave encoded these amino acids? (Include allpossible variations.)What is the basis for the lowfrequency of errors in DNA replicationobserved in all cells? Is this the bestthat cells can do given the speed ofreplication and the limits of moleculardiffusion? Was this mutation rateselected in evolution to provide geneticvariation?Given the sequences of a particular gene in fruit flies, fish, mice, andhumans, predict the relative similarity of the human sequence to thatof each of the other species
- Help me pleaseAn interesting trait that some bacteria exhibit is resistance to beingkilled by antibiotics. For example, certain strains of bacteria areresistant to tetracycline, whereas other strains are sensitive to tetracycline.Describe an experiment you would carry out to demonstratethat tetracycline resistance is an inherited trait encoded bythe DNA of the resistant strain.Would you expect the genome of the macaque(a monkey) to be more like that of a mouse or thatof a human? Explain.
- Evidence [see P. G. Shiels, A. J. Kind, K. H. Campbell, et al. (1999),“Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep,” Nature 399, 316–317] suggests that Dolly may have been genetically older than heractual age. As mammals age, the chromosomes in somatic cells tendto shorten from the telomeres. Therefore, older individuals haveshorter chromosomes in their somatic cells than do younger ones.When researchers analyzed the chromosomes in the somatic cells of Dolly when she was about 3 years old, the lengths of her chromosomeswere consistent with those of a sheep that was significantlyolder, say, 9–10 years old. (Note: As described in the chapter, thesheep that donated the somatic cell that produced Dolly was 6 yearsold, and her mammary cells had been grown in culture for severalcell doublings before one of the cells was fused with an oocyte.)A. Suggest an explanation why Dolly’s chromosomes seemedolder than they should have been.B. Let’s suppose that a female sheep (like Dolly), which…A research paper published in the summer of 2012presented a method to obtain the whole-genome sequence of a fetus without any invasive procedure suchas amniocentesis that could on rare occasions causemiscarriage. This new technique is based on the factthat some fetal cells leak into the mother’s bloodstream and then break down, releasing their DNA.Assume that exactly 10% of the DNA fragments inthe mother’s blood serum come from the fetus, whilethe remaining 90% of the DNA fragments in the serum come from the mother’s genome.The investigators collected cell-free DNA from apregnant woman’s bloodstream and subjected it to anadvanced high-throughput sequencing method. Thetable at the end of this problem looks at seven unlinked loci; the number of reads of particular alleles(identified by Greek letters) are shown. You shouldassume for the sake of simplicity that all numericaldifferences are statistically significant (even thoughactual data are never this clean).a. Determine whether each…Accardng to ledture, which discoveries have forced us to redefine the central dogma of biology (ie create a new paradigm)? Choose the most complete answer. Oeptas and gere interactions, and quantitative loc Question 12 Oalis of the cauRs of incomplete dominance and incomplete penetrance O tomata splang and untranslated RNAS Oe lad hat % of the human genome is composed of repetive elements, and the discovery of telomerase activity AMoirg to the net qAon prevents chaI