Answer how Enthalpy changes for the process X– (g) → X(g) + e– (g) for the p-block elements across the 3rd Period are given below (in kJ mol–1 ). Explain the trends in electron affinity for these elements, with particular attention to the discontinuity in this trend and an explanation why it occurs. . Al: 44 , Si: 134 , P: 72, S: 200, Cl: 349, Ar: < 0
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Answer how Enthalpy changes for the process X– (g) → X(g) + e– (g) for the p-block elements across the 3rd Period are given below (in kJ mol–1 ). Explain the trends in
. Al: 44 , Si: 134 , P: 72, S: 200, Cl: 349, Ar: < 0
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- Use Born-Mayer equation to calculate the lattice energy for PbS (it crystallizes in theNaCl structure). Then, use the Born–Haber cycle to obtain the value of lattice energy for PbS.You will need the following data following data : ΔH Pb(g) = 196 kJ/mol; ΔHf PbS = –98kJ/mol; electron affinities for S(g)→S- (g) is -201 kJ/mol; ) S- (g) →S2-(g) is 640kJ/mol. Ionizationenergies for Pb are listed in Resource section 2, p.903. Remember that enthalpies of formationare calculated beginning with the elements in their standard states (S8 for sulfur). Diatomicsulfur, S2, is formed from S8 (ΔHf: S2 (g) = 535 kJ/mol. Can you just do the Born-Haber part?Determine the second ionization energy of calcium (in kJ mol-1) from the given data (all in kJ mol-1): AH°[CaCl,(s)] = -796 AH¡[Ca(g)] = 178 AH°[CI(g)] = 122 First ionization energy of Ca(g) = 590 Electron affinity of Cl(g) = -349 Lattice enthalpy of CaCl,(s) = -2260 А 1150 В 1235 C 1093 D 1210The standard formation enthalpy of KCl is -571 kJmol-1. Plot the Born-Haber cycle and calculate the electron affinity of chlorine with the help of the data below. ΔH ° a (K) = 89 kJmol-1 BE (Cl-Cl) = 244 kJmol-1 IE (K) = 425 kJmol-1 ΔHL (KCl) = 719 kJmol-1
- The standard formation enthalpy of KCl is -571 kJmol-1. Plot the Born-Haber cycle and calculate the electron affinity of chlorine with the help of the data below. ΔH°a(K) = 89 kJmol-1 BE(Cl-Cl) = 244 kJmol-1 IE(K) = 425 kJmol-1ΔHL(KCl) = 719 kJmol-117) The first three ionization energy of an element X are 590, 1145, and 4912 kJ•mol^-1. What is the most likely formula for the stable ion of X? 4. The common oxidation number for an alkaline earth metal is +2. (a) Using the Born-Mayer equation (for determining the lattice enthalpy) and a Born-Haber cycle (draw it), show that CaCl is an exothermic compound (negative AHf). Make a reasonable prediction to estimate the ionic radius of Ca (explain your reasoning). The sublimation (atomization) enthalpy for Ca(s) is 178 kJ/mol. (b) Show that an explanation for the non-existence of CaCl can be found in the enthalpy change for the reaction below. The AHf for CaCl2(s) is -190.2 kcal/mol. 2 CaCl(s) → Ca(s) + CaCl2(s)
- Calculate the lattice energy of NaBr(s), given the following thermochemical equations, where A/E and AEA are ionization energy and electron affinity, respectively. Na(s)Na(g) AH = +107 kJ Na(g) Nat(g) + e A/E = +496 kJ -> 1/2 Br₂(g) → Br(g) AHf = +112 kJ - Br(g) + e¯ → Br¯(g) AEA = -325 kJ Na(s) + 1/2 Br₂(g) → NaBr(s) AH = -361 kJ ->> - -1401 kJ -751 kJ +29 kJ -29 kJ +751 kJIn a lithium-ionbattery that is discharging to power a device, for every Li+that inserts into the lithium cobalt oxide electrode, a Co4+ion must be reduced to a Co3+ ion to balance charge. Usingthe CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics or other standardreference, find the ionic radii of Li+, Co3+, and Co4+. Orderthese ions from smallest to largest.(a) Which ion is smaller, Co3+ or Co4+? (b) In a lithium-ionbattery that is discharging to power a device, for every Li+that inserts into the lithium cobalt oxide electrode, a Co4+ion must be reduced to a Co3+ ion to balance charge. Using the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics or other standardreference, find the ionic radii of Li+, Co3+, and Co4+. Orderthese ions from smallest to largest. (c) Will the lithium cobaltoxide cathode expand or contract as lithium ions areinserted? (d) Lithium is not nearly as abundant as sodium.If sodium ion batteries were developed that function in thesame manner as lithium ion batteries, do you think “sodiumcobalt oxide” would still work as the electrode material?Explain. (e) If you don’t think cobalt would work as the redox-active partner ion in the sodium version of the electrode,suggest an alternative metal ion and explain your reasoning.
- Consider a hypothetical ionic compound AB (comprised of A* and B ions). Given the following enthalpy data and using a Born-Haber cycle calculation, predict AHiattice in kJ mol. AG) + Bs) - AB 4H = -384 kJ mol As) → Ag) ArH = 105 kJ mol B(s) - Bg) A,H = 101 kJ mol1 First ionization energy of Ag) = 501 kJ mol" Answes=? Electron affinity enthalpy of Bro (exothermic) = -348 kJ molAt large interatomic separations, an alkali halide moleculeMX has a lower energy as two neutral atoms, M + X; atshort separations, the ionic form (M+)(X-) has a lowerenergy. At a certain distance, Rc, the energies of the twoforms become equal, and it is near this distance that theelectron will jump from the metal to the halogen atom during a collision. Because the forces between neutral atomsare weak at large distances, a reasonably good approximation can be made by ignoring any variation in potentialV(R) for the neutral atoms between Rc and R - `. For theions in this distance range, V(R) is dominated by theirCoulomb attraction.(a) Express Rc for the first ionization energy of the metalM and the electron affinity of the halogen X.(b) Calculate Rc for LiF, KBr, and NaCl using data fromAppendix F.The ionization energy of lithium is 520.2 kJ/mole, and the electron affinity of hydrogen is 72.8 kJ/mole.(a) Find the separation distance in LiH at which the Coulomb potential energy equals the energy cost of removing an electron from Li and adding it to H.(b) The measured electric dipole moment of the molecule LiH is 2.00 × 10^−29 C · m. What is the fractional ionic character of LiH?(c) Instead of removing an electron from Li and attaching it to H, we could regard the formation of LiH as occurring by removing an electron from H and attaching it to Li (electron affinity = 59.6 kJ/mole). Why don’t we consider this as the formation process?