8. Salmonella has genes that allow it to survive acidic conditions like the stomach acid and the inside of a macrophage (the human cell that tries to kill it). Would you predict that these genes would be on or off when Salmonella is in your aunt's potato salad on the 4th of July. a. On, because Salmonella has to be ready at any time for infection. b. Off, because the genes are not needed outside the host and it would be a waste of energy. c. On, because all genes are on all the time. d. Off, because it is in endospore form.

8. Salmonella has genes that allow it to survive acidic conditions like the stomach acid and the inside of a macrophage (the human cell that tries to kill it). Would you predict that these genes would be on or off when Salmonella is in your aunt's potato salad on the 4th of July. a. On, because Salmonella has to be ready at any time for infection. b. Off, because the genes are not needed outside the host and it would be a waste of energy. c. On, because all genes are on all the time. d. Off, because it is in endospore form.

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)

14th Edition

ISBN:9781305073951

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter42: Animal Development

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1CT: The rubella virus causes German measles. If a pregnant woman is is infected by the rubella virus...

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9. Define adherence of the bacterial disease process. Why is this step so important for bacterial infections? 10. List the four ways that bacteria evade or subvert the immune system during the Establishment and Surviving Host Defenses stage of the bacterial disease process. 11. Define exotoxins. How do exotoxins damage and destroy cells? Can exotoxins affect all cell types in the human body? Explain your answer. 12. Create (draw) a table to compare and contrast the following respiratory agents: Streptococcus pneumonia, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae for the 5 steps of the bacterial disease process (portal of entry. adherence, establishment, invasiveness, and portal of exit) (3 points)
O t of Match the type of pathogen with the correct description. Prions Virus Protozoans Bacteria and parasitic worms Choose... Choose... Can be treated with drugs that prevent it from synthesizing proteins Misfolded version of a harmless protein that will cause host cells to produce misshapen proteins May cause damage by releasing a toxin into the bloodstream Can only replicate when it is inside of a host cell Choose... Fi
Escherichia coli displays which antigens?a. capsular b. somatic c. flagellar d. all of these
Escherichia coli displays which antigens? a. capsular c. fl agellar b. somatic d. all of these
1-Why do some viruses seem to go away and then return later, like a cold sore? a-host has been infected with a different strain b-the immune system forgot the virus c-the virus had entered the lysogenic cycle d-the virus mutated 2-The most common healthcare associated infection is/are a. surgical site infections b. urinary tract infections C. septicemia d. respiratory system infections 3-Which of the following is NOT a characteristic which makes one more susceptible to healthcare associated infections? a. Severe burns b. Elderly c. Male d. Diabetic 4-When a microbe periodically changes its surface markers to avoid the immune system it is called a. camouflage b. antigenic variation c. antibody destruction d. molecular mimicry 5- Which of the following is NOT a non-specific defense found in the GI tract? a. Acidity in the stomach b. Constant movement of materials through the system c. Alkalinity of the small intestine d. All of the above are non-specific defenses of the GI tract 6-The…
29. What term best describes a fly that picks up Salmonella from dog feces and transfers it to a bowl of coleslaw at a picnic? A. biological vector B. mechanical vector C. final host D. intermediate host 30. The baby pictured above likely ingested "droopy" paralysis. A. tetanus endospores D. botulism endospores B. Staph emesis toxin E. alpha hemolysin which resulted in a form of C. diphtheria toxin
1- A. Define the term pathogen. In a table give the following information: B. Using MRSA, NOROVIRUS, ATHLETES FOOT and MALARIA as examples, identify the microorganisms (causal agent) involved in each disease. C. Provide some information on the microorganism for each disease e.g. structure D. How are these microorganisms transmitted from person to person. (200 words) 2.- In a paragraph explain A) What is resident flora? B) How might resident flora prevent infection AND cause infection? (150 words) 3 - In a paragraph describe Describe how the skin and mucous membranes play an integral role in helping the body protect itself against infection. (150 words)
The rubella virus causes German measles. If a pregnant woman is is infected by the rubella virus during the first trimester of her pregnancy, her child may be born deaf or blind. Infections later in pregnancy do not increase the risk of these effects. Explain why.
There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (vCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes vCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from vCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. If you were traveling in Europe, would you eat beef? Give sound reasons why or why not.
There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (vCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes vCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from vCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. What measures have been taken to stop BSE?
If a cut or scrape becomes infected, Staphylococcus aureus is probably the culprit (right). These bacteria often live on the skin and they can cause a problem if they get into a wound. Most staph infections can be cured with the antibiotic methicillin. Unfortunately, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is on the rise. Previously, antibiotic-resistant staph infections occurred mainly in hospitals and nursing homes. Now they are breaking out in schools and health clubs. The bacteria are transmitted by contact with an infected person or something that person has touched, as by sharing towels and razors. The gene conferring methicillin resistance is on a plasmid. Explain why a gene that is on a plasmid can spread more quickly than one on the bacterial chromosome.
1. If a microorganism cannot be cultivated into pure culture, how will its pathogenicity be established in a host? (KOCH'S POSTULATE) a. What are the general factors that must interplay for disease to develop? b. Why are koch's postulate not useful in determining etiology of a viral disease?