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- 1. Explain the effectiveness of 70% alcohol as antiseptic compared to the action of 40% and 95% alcohol. 2. Which is more effective as an antiseptic: ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol? Choose only one and explain why. 3. Which is more effective as a disinfectant: ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol? Choose only one and explain why. 4. What is the difference between cleaning, sanitizing, and disinfecting?ILLUSTRATIONS: 1. Sterilizers seen in the laboratory and their parts.1. Which of the following methods is the best way to sterilize the apparatus used in a surgical operation? A. Pasteurization B. Incineration C. Boiling in water D. Autoclaving E. Disinfect with 75% alcohol
- 4. Why is it necessary to let bacterial smears completely air dry before heat fixing?1. What is the hazard of the spattering tendency in heating a wire loop with specimens over a flame? 2. Why is heat a highly effective sterilizing agent?3. Which of the three methods of heat sterilization is the most appropriate and practical to use in sterilizing antibiotic solutions? (Direct flame, Dry heat, Moist heat)1. What is the key ingredient of hand sanitizers?  include a image of the chemical structure of the ingredient and explain how it works 2. What did Ignacio Semmelweis discover? Describe the situation and what he recommended to the medical community 
- 1. What is the purpose for using stains? What microbial characteristics can one ascertain from a simple stain? 2. Why is it necessary to make a heat-fix smear and what are the disadvantage of heat fixing?1.)What is the purpose of a counterstain? 2. What does a mordant do in the Gram stain procedure? Which reagent in the Gram stain is the mordant? 3. True or False? The oil objective should make contact with the oil on the slide. 4. Why is it necessary to let bacterial smears completely air dry before heat fixing? 5.Why should controls be included wherever possible for any staining technique? 6. Why is it necessary to heat the slides while staining for endospores?Why must you first clean debris from items before beginning disinfection or sterilization? (
- What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection? For lab applications which is preferred?1. What is the significance of soaking the container in bleach? 2. What is the significance of keping the container closed except when pouring the medium; partially opening the container during pour-plating in preparing culture media?2. Mechanical disinfection is typically more effective than manual techniques.