4. Researchers were investigating the effect of various factors on the rate of mitosis. MPF (Mitosis Promoting Factor) is thought to cause more cells to begin mitosis in human skin cells. To test this hypothesis, human skin cells were cultured with plain nutrient media and with nutrient media to which MPF was added. After 24 hours, cells were sampled, stained and observed under the microscope to see whether they were in mitosis or interphase. The data obtained is recorded below. Use the data to evaluate whether MPF does cause more cells to enter and thus be in mitosis. (Follow the steps as in problem #1 on a separate sheet of paper.) THINK: How will the data in the middle column be useful to you? The Effect of MPF on the Division of Human Skin Cells Cells Grown without MPF Skin Cells in Mitosis Skin Cells in Interphase 205 1795 Cells grown with MPF 493 2082

4. Researchers were investigating the effect of various factors on the rate of mitosis. MPF (Mitosis Promoting Factor) is thought to cause more cells to begin mitosis in human skin cells. To test this hypothesis, human skin cells were cultured with plain nutrient media and with nutrient media to which MPF was added. After 24 hours, cells were sampled, stained and observed under the microscope to see whether they were in mitosis or interphase. The data obtained is recorded below. Use the data to evaluate whether MPF does cause more cells to enter and thus be in mitosis. (Follow the steps as in problem #1 on a separate sheet of paper.) THINK: How will the data in the middle column be useful to you? The Effect of MPF on the Division of Human Skin Cells Cells Grown without MPF Skin Cells in Mitosis Skin Cells in Interphase 205 1795 Cells grown with MPF 493 2082

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter10: Cell Division And Mitosis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD: Biologists have long been interested in the effects of radiation on cells. In one experiment,...

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Biologists have long been interested in the effects of radiation on cells. In one experiment, researchers examined the effect of radium on mitosis of chick embryo cells growing in culture. A population of experimental cells was examined under the microscope for the number of cells in telophase (as a measure of mitosis occurring) before, during, and after exposure to radium. The results are shown in the Figure. What is the effect of radium exposure on mitosis? Source: R. G. Canti and M. Donaldson. 1926. The effect of radium on mitosis in vitro. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 100:413419.
3. You are interested in testing the effect of a drug on human cells. These cells have been sampled and evenly split into two separate cell cultures. You trigger cell division using a growth factor in both cell cultures. This synchronises the start of mitosis so you can easily detect the effect of the drug on the progress through the mitotic phases. Immediately after mitosis begins, you expose one cell culture to the drug (treatment + drug) and compare their progress through the mitotic phases under the microscope to the cells that are not exposed to the drug (control - drug). Here are your observations: ● ● Cells from both cell cultures lack their nuclear membranes. Individual chromosomes are clearly visible in both cell cultures Cells from the control culture (- drug) have their chromosomes aligned (see figure below) Cells from the treatment (+ drug) have their chromosomes dispersed in the cell (see figure below). What effect does the drug have on the chromosomes? Indicate two…
1.What stage of mitosis would be the most likely to stall if there was an issue with the microtubules? Why?
1.Why is mitosis also referred to as the equational division? 2. Where does the spindle fibre originate from?
8) There is a photo below, where you can see dividing cells near the tip of an onion root under the light microscope, identify a cell in each of the following stages by circling: Metaphase, Anaphase, and Cytokinesis.
11. What moves the chromatids during mitosis? 12. What anchors the spindle? 13. What are the four phases of mitosis? 14. How many daughter cells are created from mitosis and cytokinesis? 15. During what phase does cytokinesis begin? 16. If a human cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in ea daughter cell?
4. Figure below shows drawings of a cell at various stages in the mitotic cell cycle. A B E (a) List the letters shown in figure above in the order in which these stages occur during a mitotic cell cycle. [2] (b) Explain what is happening in stage D in figure above. [2]
1. How do the daughter cells compare in size relative to the parent cell? 2. List several reasons for mitosis in plant or animal cells. Use complete sentences for full credit.
3. The chemotherapeutic agent, paclitaxel, stabilizes microtubules (proteins that are part of the cytoskeleton) which are shown in green below. Chemotherapeutic agents are meant to kill rapidly dividing cells. A. Why is confocal microscopy an appropriate tool to study the role of paclitaxel on the cytoskeleton and the cell cycle more generally? B. Why would paclitaxel be harmful to a cell? Draw a cell that has been treated with paclitaxel during cell division. C. On the next page is a figure of microtubule length over time during multiple cell cycles. Analyze the effect of paclitaxel as compared to control. Why does this data show paclitaxel can be an effective chemotherapeutic agent?
1.Colchicine is a type of drug that inhibits the microtubule formation during the cell division. Let’s say that the onion root tip (a place where most of the plant’s cells divide) was submerge in colchicine solution. a. How do you think will be the cell’s respond? Will it continue its cell division? Why or why not? b. Let’s say that the cells in onion root tip treated with colchicine were not halted at spindle checkpoint. What do you think will happen during the division?
3. Identify the phase of mitosis that is being described by each statement. Some phases will be described by multiple statements. (P) Prophase _(PR) Prometaphase (M) Metaphase (A) Anaphase (T) Telophase Sister chromatids are pulled apart Chromosomes begin to disappear Nuclear envelope reforms Chromatids align in the center of the cell Chromatids attach to spindles Nuclear envelop breaks down Chromosomes condense and become visible Cell begins to split into daughter cells
4) Describe in detail how p53 and MDM2 regulate cell division in a normal, healthy cell. You should describe 1) how these proteins cooperate to allow a cell to go through the cell cycle, 2) how they cooperate to stop the cell cycle, and 3) how they allow the cell cycle to continue again after having stopped it initially. You may use point form if you want.