Q: DNA from a strain of Bacillus subtilis with genotype a* b* c* d* e* is used to transform a strain…
A: Cotransformation is the transformation of two or more genes simultaneously. Those genes which lie…
Q: T. Miyake and M. Demerec examined proline-requiring mutations in the bacterium Salmonella…
A: In transduction process, the closer the genes are present on a DNA, the more possibility they have…
Q: If an E. coli auxotroph X could grow only on a medium containing leucine, and an auxotroph Y could…
A: auxotrophic mutants are those mutants that require specific amino acid along with minimal nutrients…
Q: When the interrupted mating technique was used withfive different strains of Hfr bacteria, the…
A: Bacteria and other prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Their genome is located in the cytoplasm of…
Q: By conducting conjugation experiments between Hfr and recipientstrains, Wollman and Jacob mapped the…
A: The interrupted mating technique is a technique used to map the genes in the chromosome of the…
Q: Calculate the recombination frequencies between r2 and h and between r13 and h.
A: The two bacteriophage r mutants are isolated which cause rapid lysis. The cross between these…
Q: Consider the following experiment. First, large populations of two mutant strains of Escherichia…
A: Mutation The change in DNA sequence by either deletion, addition, duplication, transversion, or…
Q: What is the name of the process in which a single strand of DNA disrupts a homologous dsDNA molecule…
A: primers the short, single-stranded nucleotide sequence that is used in the DNA synthesis process.…
Q: Why is it usually more difficult to select recombinants withArchaea than with Bacteria?
A: Archaea are single celled-microorganisms and they are prokaryotes. They comprised of a single…
Q: Why are the recombinants produced from an Hfr x F- crossrarely, if ever, F+?
A: There are many methods which the bacteria used for the transfer of genes from one organism to…
Q: Crosses are carried out between a bacterial F- strain and three different Hfr strains. In these…
A: The interrupted mating experiment is given in the question. It is used to find the order of genes…
Q: In the homologous recombination in bacteria, which of the following enzymes has a nuclease activity…
A: Recombination is the process that creates new gene combinations.
Q: Why would it have been possible to utilize N14 in the original bacteria and only allow growing…
A: To build new F1 bacteria one strand from parent strain and one from the new N15 strain is required…
Q: Three different Hfr donor strains are mixed with separate samples of an F strain, and the following…
A: Interrupted mating experiment is a technique in which donor bacteria Hfr strain is used to transfer…
Q: What types of matings are possible between F+, F−, Hfr, and F′ cells? What outcomes do these matings…
A: The F+, F-, Hfr and F’ bacterial cells mate through the process of conjugation. Conjugation is the…
Q: In your laboratory, you have an F − strain of E. coli that is resistant to streptomycin and is…
A: Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another bacterium. Here, a…
Q: With respect to F+ and F- bacterial matings, (a) How was it established that physical contact was…
A: Bacterium transfers genetic information via a mechanism called horizontal gene transfer. It includes…
Q: Which of the following statements is not applicable to conjugation? A) OF factors are transferrable…
A: Bacteria are single-celled microbes. These organisms are capable of exchanging inheritable material…
Q: You need to determine where your gene of interest lies on the bacterial chromosome. In order to…
A: Bacteria strain with Leu-bio-pro- are mixed with wild type Hfr strain . Also , pro gene is…
Q: By conducting conjugation experiments between Hfr and recipientstrains, Wollman and Jacob mapped the…
A: Genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a…
Q: Complete the following statement about conjugation. Bacterial confirmation is the equivalent of…
A: Bacterial conjugation is the process of transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another…
Q: An Hfr strain that is leuA+ and thiL+ was mixed with a strain thatis leuA− and thiL−. In the data…
A: Transfer of genes in prokaryotes occurs through horizontal transfer mechanisms such as transduction,…
Q: In a conjugation experiment, what is meant by the time of entry?
A: Conjugation is nothing more than the fusion of two compatible bacterial cells. Bringing together and…
Q: In what ways does conjugation create bacterial cells that are at least partially diploid? Is this a…
A: Conjugation is the process of transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by direct…
Q: An Hfr strain that is hisE+ and pheA+ was mixed with a strain thatis hisE− and pheA−. The…
A: Transfer of genes in prokaryotes occurs through horizontal transfer mechanisms such as transduction,…
Q: An F' merozygote is formed as a result of the following events: 1) the recipient cell receives…
A: The inaccurately exercised plasmid from the chromosome of Hfr and causes the part of chromosomes (F…
Q: Four E. coli strains of genotype atb¯ are labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4. Four strains of genotype a¯b* are…
A:
Q: In your laboratory, you have an F− strain of E. coli that is resistantto streptomycin and is unable…
A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that have undefined nucleus and nuclear membrane. Most of the…
Q: DNA from a strain of Bacillus subtilis with genotype a+ b+ c+ d+ e+ is used to transform a strain…
A: The simultaneous transformation of genes (two or more) is called co-transformation. The genes that…
Q: . In an interrupted-conjugation experiment in E. coli, thepro gene enters after the thi gene. A pro+…
A: Part A. The genotypes of the two types of cultures are: pro+ thi- They grow only on the media that…
Q: In this experiment, _____ plates were used to differentiate between red and white diploid yeast…
A: Yeast cells are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms that belong to the fungus kingdom. They are…
Q: A line of mouse cells is grown for many generations in a medium with 15N. Cells in G1 are then…
A: Since we only answer up to 3 sub-parts, we’ll answer the first three. Please resubmit the question…
Q: In Figure 5-5,a. Why do A− and B− cells, by themselves, not formcolonies on the plating medium?b.…
A: A gene is the essential physical and functional unit of heredity. They are comprised of DNA…
Q: Three different Hfr donor strains are mixed with separate samples of an F− strain, and the following…
A: The interrupted mating experiment is a technique in which donor bacteria Hfr strain is used to…
Q: Both the isolation buffer and assay buffer that was used in isolation of mitochondria contained 0.3M…
A: Mitochondria is a double membrane organelle with a rod like shape. It produces chemical energy in…
Q: You co-culture the following bacterial strains: an Hfr prototroph and an F- auxotroph for the genes…
A: During the process of interrupted mating (Hfr x F-), the transfer of genes to the F- strain is…
Q: With respect to F+ and F- bacterial matings, answer the following questions: (a) How was it…
A: It is located majorly inside the nucleus. It can exist in three different forms based on the…
Q: So if you see growth on a histidine-deficient medium in a yeast 1 hybrid and you assume that it is a…
A: The yeast-one-hybrid (Y1H) assay is a method that can be used to identify interactions between…
Q: T. Miyake and M. Demerec examined proline-requiring mutations in the bacterium Salmonella…
A: Transduction is a process of genetic recombination in which a foreign DNA molecule is incorporated…
Q: Three pairs of bacterial cells with the given genotypes undergo conjugation. Place match the…
A: F+ bacteria contain gene for the formation of sex pillus which is important for the transfer of…
Q: T. Miyake and M. Demerec examined proline-requiring mutations in the bacterium Salmonella…
A: Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to…
Q: Why are the recombinants produced from an Hfr * F- cross rarely, if ever, F+?
A: An Hfr cell is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (such as the F-factor) incorporated into its…
Q: Compare and contrast conjugation involving an F+ donor, an Hfr strain, and an F' donor.
A: Microorganisms are minute sized organisms that are invisible to the naked eye. Bacteria is a class…
Q: An interrupted mating study is carried out on Hfr strains 1, 2 and 3. After conjugation is…
A:
Q: Four E. coli strains of genotype a*b¯ are labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4. Four strains of genotype a¯b* are…
A: ANSWER;- HFR is the high-frequency recombination cell F+ is the donor cell whereas F- is the…
Q: Discuss bacterial conjugation and the three mating types of bacteria (F-, F+, and Hfr).
A: Transfer of genes in prokaryotes occurs through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms such as…
Q: A particular Hfr strain normally transmits the pro+marker as the last one in conjugation. In a cross…
A: If the cell such as a Hfr cell loses any of the F-plasmid sequence, then it gets reverted to a…
Q: By conducting conjugation experiments between Hfr and recipientstrains, Wollman and Jacob mapped the…
A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…
Q: An Hfr strain that is leuA+ and thiL+ was mixed with a strain thatis leuA− and thiL−. In the data…
A: Auxotrophs are microbes designed to or naturally lack some enzymes to produce essential nutrients.…
Bacterial Genomics
The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.
Transformation Experiment in Bacteria
In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.
Plasmids and Vectors
The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.
An Hfr strain that is leuA+ and thiL+ was mixed with a strain that
is leuA− and thiL−. In the data points shown in the following graph,
the conjugation was interrupted at different time points, and the
percentage of recombinants for each gene was determined by
streaking on a medium that lacked either leucine or thiamine.
What information do you know based on the question and your understanding of the topic?
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Eight mutant bacteriophage strains cannot lyse a certain type of bacteria that can be lysed by wild-type bacteriaphages. The mutant strains were allawed to infect the bacteria in a complementation test. A "+ indicates that lysis occurred with coinfection.Aindicates that lysis did not occur. GKWTMAQC G -++|+ ++l+ - K. - + - ++ +| + -+| - |-++ + + + M - + + + A cistron is defined by no complementation in the Ciş : configuration. Haw many genes are controlling lysis in this bacteriophage? (Use a number not a word in the space) 3 Which of the following strains below are defective in the same gene as strain Q? Answer yes if the strain is defective or no if it is not. Strain Defective A N/AAn ade+ arg+ cys+ his+ leu+ pro+ bacterial strain is knownto be lysogenic for a newly discovered phage, but the siteof the prophage is not known. The bacterial map isleucysarghisadeproThe lysogenic strain is used as a source of the phage, andthe phages are added to a bacterial strain of genotypeade- arg- cys- his- leu- pro-. After a short incubation,samples of these bacteria are plated on six differentmedia, with the supplementations indicated in thefollowing table. The table also shows whether colonieswere observed on the various media.PresenceMedium Ade Arg Cys His Leu Pro of colonies1 - + + + + + N2 + - + + + + N3 + + - + + + C4 + + + - + + N5 + + + + - + C6 + + + + + - NNutrient supplementation in medium(In this table, a plus sign indicates the presence of anutrient supplement, a minus sign indicates that asupplement is not present, N indicates no colonies, and Cindicates colonies present.)a. What genetic process is at work here?b. What is the approximate locus of the prophage?2 3 inte tion of Lormhda. ne att si ucated betwee de ne att sites and go ns one te n vacter aged ot utilize doot ractose ato la t don s gal* uc Integration to form prophage om SOward cor coct some cro on! ni imple ex 2 3 bio* gal* 14. The figure provided portrays the integration of Lambda phage into a host chromosome at the att site, located between the gal+ and bio+ genes. This prophage may disintegrate from the host carrying with it host genes, such as gal+ and/or bio+ and go on to transduce another host bacterium. How would one determine if a gal- host bacterium's phenotype was changed from gal- to gal+? To clarify, the minus version cannot utilize galactose as a carbon source for growth because it does not produce galactase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose into monomeric sugars. There is a straight forward answer/solution to this – do not concoct some crazy solution! Think simple experiment.
- Nine rII− mutants of bacteriophage T4 were used inpairwise infections of E. coli K(λ) hosts. Six of themutations in these phages are point mutations; theother three are deletions. The ability of the doubly infected cells to produce progeny phages in large numbers is scored in the following chart.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 − − + + − − − + +2 − + + − − − + +3 − − + − + − −4 − + − + − −5 − − − + +6 − − − −7 − + +8 − −9 −The same nine mutants were then used in pairwise infections of E. coli B hosts. The production of progenyphages that can subsequently lyse E. coli K(λ) hosts isnow scored. In the table, 0 means the progeny do notproduce any plaques on E. coli K(λ) cells; − meansthat only a very few progeny phages produce plaques;and + means that many progeny produce plaques(more than 10 times as many as in the − cases).1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 − + + + + − − + +2 − + + + + − + +3 0 − + 0 + + −4 − + − + + +5 − + − + +6 0 0 − +7 0 + +8 − +9 −a. Which of the mutants are the three deletions? Whatcriteria did…This question combines your knowledge of bacterial conjugationand the genetic regulation that directs thephage λ reproductive cycles. When researchers mix donor Hfr strains with recipient F– bacteria that are lysogenic for phage λ, the conjugated cells survive normally. However, if donor Hfr strains that are lysogenic for phage λ conjugate with recipient F– bacteria that do not contain any phage λ, the recipient cells often lyse, due to the induction of λ into the lytic cycle. Based on your knowledge of the regulation of the two reproductive cycles of phage λ, explain this experimental observation.Please select all cellular processes that do NOT rely on RecA protein function as far as we considered them. bacteriophage lambda switch to lytic stage Lacl repression O LexA repression O natural transformation ODNA damage response O homologous recombination insertion of lambda phage into chromosome
- During conjugation, HFR; F+ function as DNA donors and function as DNA recipients. F+; F- F-; F+ F-; HFRArial BIUA 11 + .. | I 1 I 3 I 4 i.) Fill in the table for each of the E. coli: (0) = No Activity (+) = Basal Activity and (+++) = High Activity E. coli chromosome F' Plasmid B-gal activity? Permease activity? When When When When Glucose is Lactose is Glucose is Lactose is present present present present a.) I+ P+ O+ Z+ Y+ Inone +++ +++ b.) I^[S] P+ O+ Z+ Y+ none c.) I+ P+ O^[c] Z+ Y+ none d.) I+ P+ O- Z- Y+ none e.) I+ P+ O+ Z+ Y+ I^[S] P+ O+ Z+ Y+ f.) I^[S] P+ O+ Z- Y+ I+ P+ O^[c] Z+ Y- g.) I^[TB] P+ O+ Z+ Y 1+ P+ O^[c] Z- Y+ h.) I+ P+ O^[c] Z+ Y- I+ P+ O+ Z** Y+ i.) I^[TB] P+ O^[c] Z+ Y- 1+ P+ O+ Z- Y+ Z** is a polar mutation ii. ) If the lac operon in 'a' carried a mutation in the CAP binding site that rendered it nonfunctional, how would that affect the level of ß-galactosidase protein activity with and without lactose present, why? MacBook Air 000Three pairs of bacterial cells with the given genotypes undergo conjugation. Place match the genotype of each cell after conjugation to its initial genotype. F+ x F Hfr F- F' F- Answer Bank F F F+ Hfr What is the role of the F-factor in conjugation? It contains genes necessary for replication of the donor's F plasmid. can occur. It allows auxotrophic bacterial cells to survive on minimal medium so that conjugation It contains genes that force recombination between the donor and recipient chromosomes. It contains genes necessary for the formation of the pilus. O It degrades the chromosome of the recipient cell after conjugation.
- 41 The initiation complex for translation includes transfer RNA-MET. Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. TRUE FALSE21:14 +4G KB/S LTED 41 96 09.00 Vo Microsoft Word - Assignment 02.docx Assignment 02 1. Groups of alleles associated with the lactose operon are as follows (in order of dominance for each allelic series): repressor, IS (superrepressor), I *(inducible), and I "(constitutive); operator, OC (constitutive, cis dominant) and 0+ (inducible, cis- dominant); structural, Z and Y. (a) Which of the following genotypes will produce B-galactosidase and B-galactoside permease if lactose is present: (1) 1*0* Z* Y*, (2) 1 *OCZ+ Y+, (3) OCZ+ Y+, (4) IS O+ Z+ Y+, and (5) 10+ Z+Y+? (b) Which of the above genotypes will produce ß-galactosidase and ß-galactoside permease if lactose is absent? Why? 2. By what mechanism does the presence of tryptophan in the medium in which E. coli cells are growing result in premature termination or attenuation of transcription of the trp operon? 3. Suppose that you used site-specific mutagenesis to modify the trpL sequence such that the two UGG Trp codons at positions…11:19 A for the virulence of a phage. A bacteriophage solution of a given concentration is inoculated with the bacterial colonies and the number of plaques on the bacterial plate is counted. The plaques are the proxy for the number of phages present in the solution as each plaque is likely to come from a single parent phage. 3. Why is it that only a lytic phage will yield accurate results from this type of experiment? Why can't you use a latent or filamentous phage? | B I U A. Yeah I'm Q w ERTYUIO P AS D F GHJK L Z X C V B N M 123 space return lill ןכ