3. The figure below represents a pathway of cellular respiration. glucose АТР hexose phosphate D. hexose bisphosphate 2x triose phosphate 2х E 2 x 2 ATP
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- Consider the mechanism of enolase, as indicated below. Which of the following correctly describes the roles of the Mg2+ as illustrated in the figure? (This is a multi- select question). Mg2+ Mg2 Enolase PO3- OH -C-C-H H OH HO H-N-H Lys 345 Glu211 2-Phosphoglycerate bound to enzyme Mg2+ Mg2 PO3- OH C-C-H OH HO H H-N*-H Lys 345 O Glu211 Enolic intermediate HOH PO3- H Phosphoenolpyruvate The metal ion (Mg2+) is helping to stabilize the extra negative charge that developed on the carboxyl group in the enolic intermediate. The metal ion (Mg2+) is serving as a general base, removing a proton in order to improve the quality of the nucleophile. The metal ion (Mg2+) is assisting in the oxidation of the carboxyl carbon through metal ion catalysis. The metal ion (Mg2+) is helping to orient the substrate properly in the active site. The metal ion (Mg2+) is accepting a proton in order to improve the quality of the leaving group.17. Omeprazole is a bioprecursor prodrug that is activated by protonation to give active metabolite that inhibits H¨,K*-ATPase covalently. By using chemical equations show activation of Omeprazole and its reaction to inhibit the H*,K*-ATPase. CH3 H3CO. s=0 H3C HNN Omeprazole OCH3 18. The following compound is an open-chain prodrug of benzodiazepines which undergo N- dealkylation to triazolam. Using chemical equations show transformation of this prodrug to triazolam. H3C H3C CH3 CH3 triazolam open-chain prodrug of triazolam1. Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human bloodserum. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyzebiological phosphate esters as follows:R-O-P-O3-2 + H 2O R-OH + HO-P-O3-2.Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver,and prostrate gland. The enzyme from the prostrate gland is clinically important because anincreased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostrate gland.Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostrate gland, but not acidphosphatases from other tissues. How can you use the information above to develop a specificprocedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostrate gland in humanblood serum?
- 5) A certain aerobic organism is able to metabolize the following glycolipid: "CH,OH OH HO OH A. Draw the 2 resulting structures that would occur upon initial hydrolysis of the O-glycosidic bond. B. Calculate how much ATP is formed upon complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of the compound. Assume that no ATP is produced when one mole of the glycosidic bond in the above compound is hydrolyzed. Show calculation below.3. Answer the following questions about the metabolic pathway shown below: glutamate dehydrogenase e NH3 0-C-C-cH2-CH2-C- 0-C-CH-CH2-CH2-C-O + H,O + NAD + NH + NADH + H (a) Label the correct substances as the substrate, enzyme, and co-enzyme. (b) Which of the six classes does the enzyme of this reaction belong to? Why? (c) What is the name of the first molecule in this reaction? (d) Which metabolic pathway is this reaction likely to be a part of? A. glycolysis B. deamination C. beta-oxidation D. fermentation1) One key to understanding glucose metabolism is being able to follow a series of oxidation/reduction reactions. For the reactions below, which is being oxidized and which is reduced? How can you tell? Ae + B A + Be A + BH₂ → AH₂ + B CH4 + 202 CO₂ + 2H₂O 2) Identify the cellular locations for each reaction. Start general with just the 4 parts (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, TCA cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain), then, include each of the terms in word bank (they may belong in more than one place). WORD BANK CO₂ H₂O glucose pyruvate G3P ADP NADH 0₂ ATP electrons FADH₂ acetyl-CoA NAD+ protons Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast
- 3. A recently discovered mutant yeast has a shorter glycolytic pathway, and with a new enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: Glyceraldehyde-3-P + H₂ + NAD+ ‒‒‒‒‒‒> 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH+H* Would shortening the glycolytic pathway in this way benefit the cell? Explain. Consider metabolic outcomes only in anaerobic conditions.2. If glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells is completely inhibited, which intermediates in glycolysis accumulate most? Please use the following equation and the provided information to explain your reasoning. AG=AG° + RTln [C][D]d [A] [B]¹ Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate The standard free energy for the above reaction is: AG" = +23.9 KJ/mol T° = 298 R = 8.314 J mol-¹ K-¹2B. Calculate the total number of ATP that will be generated from the complete B-oxidation of oncobic acid (CH:(CH,),CH=CH(CH,),COOH; 15:1 cis-A9) in an organism that has all the standard required enzymes for metabolism but which pumps only 2 H" in complex I, 0 H' in complex II, 2 H* in complex III and 4 H' in complex IV. The F,F, ATPase is composed of 3 a/ß subunits and 10 c subunits. Show all of your calculations. HO
- 2. If glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells is completely inhibited, which intermediates in glycolysis accumulate most? Please use the following equation and the provided information to explain your reasoning. AG=AG° + RTln [C] [D]d [A] [B]' Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate The standard free energy for the above reaction is: AG" = +23.9 KJ/mol T° = 298 R = 8.314 J mol-¹ K-124a. What is the name of the process shown in the reaction below? ANSWER O || C-COOH J 2 CH Body* 3 #3 (PYRUVATE) (LACTIC ACID) 24b. Is this reaction an oxidation or a reduction? ANSWER (Oxidation or Reduction) 24c. Would this reaction make NAD+ or make NADH? ANSWER (NAD+ or NADH) 24d. No ATP is made in this reaction. In two sentences, explain why cells have to do this metabolism sometimes. Why is this sometimes necessary for survival? A 4 B % от оро CH 5 OH CH-COOH MacBook Pro I U < 6 & 7 8Identify each reaction catalyzed by (a) a nucdeotidase; (b) a phosphorylase; (c) a phosphoribosyltransferase. GMP A D E Guanine Guanosine F