1. Explain the functioning and regulation of the following operons: lac, trp. 2. Explain the mechanism of transcription regulation in eukaryotes. 3. Explain what a mutation is and its importance for evolution of life. 4. Classify and characterize the main types of mutations. Please answer every question

1. Explain the functioning and regulation of the following operons: lac, trp. 2. Explain the mechanism of transcription regulation in eukaryotes. 3. Explain what a mutation is and its importance for evolution of life. 4. Classify and characterize the main types of mutations. Please answer every question

Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Chapter14: Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 7TYU: Which of the following is characteristic of genes and gene regulation in both bacteria and...

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Table of the Standard Genetic Code Middle base 5'- C_-3' UCU Ser (S) |UAU Tyr (Y) UCC Ser (S) UAC Tyr (Y) UCA Ser (S) UCG Ser (S)UAG Ter CCU Pro (P) CAU His (H) CCC Pro (P) CCA Pro (P) CAA GIn (Q) CCG Pro (P) CAG GIn (Q) 5'- _U -3' 5'-_A_-3' 5'-_G_-3' 5'-U_-3' UUU Phe (F) 5'-U_-3' UUC Phe (F) 5'-U_-3' |UUA Leu (L) 5'-U_-3' UUG Leu (L) 5'-C_-3' |CUU Leu (L) 5'-C_-3' |CUC Leu (L) 5'-C_-3' CUA Leu (L) 5'-C_ -3' CUG Leu (L) UGU Cys (C) 5'-_U-3' 5'-_C-3' 5'-_A-3' UGG Trp (W) 5'-_G-3' 5'- U-3' 5'-C-3' 5'-_A-3" 5'- G-3' 5'- U-3' 5'-_C-3' 5- А-3' 5'-_G-3' GCU Ala (A) GAU Asp (D) GGU Gly (G) 5'-_U-3' 5'-C-3' GGA Gly (G)5'-_A-3' GGG Gly (G) 5'-_G-3' UGC Cys (C) UGA Ter UAA Ter CGU Arg (R) CGC Arg (R) CGA Arg (R) CGG Arg (R) ACU Thr (T)|AAU Asn (N) AGU Ser (S) AAC Asn (N) AGC Ser (S) AGA Arg (R) AGG Arg (R) CAC His (H) 5'-A_-3' |AUU lle (1) 5'-A_-3' AUC Ile (1) 5'-A_-3' |AUA lle (1) 5'-A_-3' |AUG Met (M) ACG Thr (T) AAG Lys (K) 5'-G_-3' GUU Val (V) 5'-G_-3' GUC Val (V) 5'-G_-3' GUA Val (V)…
1. Lac and Trp Operon are two different processes of sugar and amino acid. Describe the differences between the two processes in terms of the following features: a. regulator gene b. promoter c. operator d. structural genes and enzymes involved/produced e. mechanism
3. Explain why catabolite repression is used in regulating the lac operon and describe how it fine-tunes B-galactosidase synthesis. 4. Compare the control of gene regulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes in terms of: a. transcription b. regulatory mechanisms and its components
1. Compare the control of gene regulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes in termsof:a. transcriptionb. regulatory mechanisms and its components 2. Explain the evolutionary significance of mutations.
1. Describe which enzymes are required for lactose and tryptophan metabolism in bacteria when lactose and tryptophan, respectively, are (a) present and (b) absent. 2. Contrast positive versus negative regulation of gene expression. Describe the role of the repressor in an inducible system and in a repressible system.
1. What is the default state of the lac operon? a. LacI repressor is sitting on the operator sequence and blocks RNAP from transcribing lacZYA. b. LacI repressor is not in a correct shape to bind to the operator sequence. c. LacI repressor is not produced in the absence of lactose. d. Allolactose is sitting on the operator sequence and blocks RNAP from transcribing lacZYA.
28. Which statement does NOT explain why the lac operon would not be effectively regulated by an attenuation mechanism like the trp operon? 1.Lactose is a substrate for the lac operon protein products. 2.Products of lac operon enzymes are not used in protein synthesis. 3.Transcription and translation do not happen simultaneously for the lac operon. 4.Attenuation is a suitable regulatory mechanism for anabolic amino acid pathways. 5.All of these statements explain why regulation by attenuation would not be effective for the lac operon.
3 5. Suppose you performed a B-galactosidase assay on E. coli with a l*P+O°Z*Y operon. What results would you expect in the absence and presence of IPTG? 6. If you did not get the expected results for the previous question, but you knew the genotype of the operon was correct, name two ways your experiment could have gone wrong.
5. Regulation of bacterial operons by inducers, e.g. lactose, exhibits which of the following properties? Inducer effect on RNA polymerase binding to the promoter Inducer binds to the Repressor produced by: repressor and: Activates the repressor A. Activates the repressor A separate gene Genes of the operon A separate gene Genes of the operon A separate gene Enhances В. Enhances Activates the repressor D. Inhibits the repressor Inhibits the repressor С. Inhibits inhibits Е. No effect 6. Gene transcription rates and mRNA levels were determined for an enzyme that is induced by a newly developed drug. Compared with untreated levels, drug treatment caused a 10x increase in the gene transcription rate and a 20× increase in both mRNA levels and enzyme activity. These data indicate that a primary effect of the drug treatment is to decrease which one of the following? A. The activity of RNA polymerase B. The ability of miRNA to act on mRNA C. The rate of translation D. The rate of binding of…
4. 16B (Eukaryotes): Describe 4 factors that differentiate eukaryotic chromosomes/genome from a prokaryotic chromosome/genome. 5. Compare/contrast 4 differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic GENE structure & gene EXPRESSION (including regulatory sequences).
3. The activation of a gene is often regulated via a negative feedback loop using a repressor. Gene A synthesizes a small molecule called "Tonellase" that breaks down “Tonellin,” a rare nutrient. Promoter Operator Gene A RNA Polymerase Explain how the following operon would function if it was: a. Inducible (like the Lac Operon) b. Repressible (like the Trp Operon)
5. A mutant strain of Salmonella bacteria carries a mutation of the rho protein t hat has full activity at 37°C but is completely inactivated when the mutant strain is grown at 40°C. (Question # 21; Chapter 8-Genetics: An Integrated Approach). Speculate about the kind of differences you would expect to see if you compared a broad spectrum of mRNAs from the mutant strain grown at 37°C and the same spectrum of mRNAs from the strain when grown at 40°C. Are all mRNAs affected by the rho protein mutation in the same way? Why or why not?