). (a) What is the role of the enzyme chymotrypsin? What type of substrate the enzyme works on? Provide the mechanism of action of chymotrypsin.
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- (c) Discuss the mechanism of action of the enzyme chymotrypsin.8. Hypercholesterolemia is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus in patients with prolonged hyperglycemia. Why a high level of glucose in blood causes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis? For the answer explain: a) how glucose can interact with the proteins and the consequences of this reaction for the proteins; b) glycation of which proteins results in hypercholesterolemia; c) possible causes and complications of hypercholesterolemia.5. Treatment of the patients with familial hypercholesterolemia by statins (pravastatin, for instants) allows to decrease cholesterol levels in blood up to the normal range. Explain the statin action on the cholesterol metabolism. For that: a) draw the scheme of the cholesterol synthesis, indicate the key enzyme of the pathway; b) name all mechanisms of the key enzyme regulation and statin's action; c) describe the structure of LDL receptor and its function in cholesterol metabolism; d) explain the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia and the symptoms of the disease.
- 1. TRUE OR FALSE a) Higher Rf value will be obtained from dextrin than that of glucose in a reverse-phase TLC. b) Salivary amylase is used to hydrolyzed α(1à4) glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates.3. A patient has got excess carbohydrate meal for the years and gain the weight. To explain this: a) draw the schemes of TAG synthesis in the liver; b) describe the transport of TAG from the liver to adipose tissue; c) describe the functions of insulin in the conversion of glucose to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue. Glucose containing Catoms was added to isolated hepatocytes inanexperiment. Ifthe glucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylglyccrol synthesis increased.1. What is the major tissue source of Alanine Aminotransferase? 2. What is the clinical significance of elevated serum Alanine aminotransferase?
- 8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type 1, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fuel metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis, Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this 9. b) write the reactions of synthesis and oxidation of these molecules, name the enzymes, coenzymes, reaction localization: XFrom the three figures below, indicate which represents best the catalytic pocket of trypsin, a serine protease, secreted by acinar pancreatic cells. C) A) A. Figure A. B.Figure B. ⒸC. Figure C. Asp 189 B) Asp 189 Val 190 Val 216 work of Val 216 Val 1901. With the prevalence in food of peeled cereals or bread made from high-grade flour, hypovitaminosis B1 may occur. Explain the role that vitamin B, plays in the body. For this: a) name the coenzyme which contains vitamin B, and enzymes, which require this cocnzyme to function; b) write the process in which these enzymes are involved and explain how the process speed will change with a lack of B,; d) what discase develops in the absence of vitamin B,.
- 8. Write the equation for the action of Pancreatin (lipase) on a molecule of Tristearin.1) Discuss recent findings on the effects of consumption of cholesterol and saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fats. Give examples of each type of fat. 2) We often think only of DNA and RNA as nucleic acids. Discuss the role of other, less “well-known” nucleic acids, such as cAMP, cGMP, NADH, NADPH, and FADH. 3) Collagen is a very important structural protein in animals. Discuss the various parts of the body in which collagen is an important structural molecule and what its function is at each body location.1. Discuss why a saturated fatty acid like lauric acid has a good anti-oxidant property. 2. Why are the essential fatty acid associated with low incidence of heart disease? Cite some clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. 3. Explain how aspirin can block the synthesis of prostaglandins?