Policy Process Part 1

Everyone should know that smoking cigarettes is a bad habit and is dangerous for the user's health. Yet, these cancer causing, teeth yellowing, bad breath causing cigarettes are still being smoked everyday by people all over the world. It used to be seen as cool to smoke and it seemed like everyone did it. Like a fashion fad, smoking cigarettes soon became out of style. People still smoke, but not as much as they used to. In 2003 electronic cigarettes were first introduced the United States as a safer alternative, making smoking or vaping, as its called now, a cool fad again. Smoking had been at an all time low until recently when alternatives to traditional smoking such electronic cigarettes or hookah have become popular especially among the younger generation(Rifkin para. 2). Many smokers are now using electronic cigarettes over traditional

The model states the steps of policy process (Lindblom, 1959: 79 – 81; Forester, 1984: 23 – 24). At the beginning of the sequence, administrators of public sector would try to distinguish policy objectives by using an empirical analysis to develop alternative policies. The second step is examining all alternative policies possibility in order to obtain the most valuable policy that needed. Then, the administrator would take a decision on what policy that should be taken based on the process that had been done. It looks like that the process is choosing main goals of policies that already identified by all of examination process. It means policy result is already established and the process is the way to justify it and does not need to have a consultation because the process is fully integrated and acknowledged (Forester, 1984: 25). Forester (1984) also added that the policy process of rational comprehensive also coverage fully base line of information and costs for each information, and has enough time and resources to produce a best policy (Forester, 1984,

This paper has the purpose of developing a critical evaluation of tobacco control policy in Australia. It will review and describe some of the various governmental policies on tobacco, and discuss evidence that shows the impact of these policies.

Australia is the world leader in tobacco control, as they became the first country that implemented plain package policy. Since December 2012, all tobacco products which are traded and brought to Australia must be in plain packaging in order to implement the National Tobacco Strategy (NTS) 2012 – 2018. (National Tobacco Strategy, 2012, p.27) The range of policies including health signs on packaging, mass media campaigns, bans on tobacco promotion, price increases, and controls on smoking and access to tobacco were implemented (ibid, p.1). As a result, 2014-2015 data shows that 14.5 percent aged 18 years and above were daily smokers (2.6 million adults), dropped from 16 percent in 2011-12. This reduction is a continuation of the trend over the past two decades. In 2001, 22.4 percent of adults smoked daily, while 23.8% of adults smoked daily in 1995 (Australian Bureau of Statistic, 2015).

Smoking Bans cut number of heart attacks, strokes smoking bans quickly and dramatically cut the number of people hospitalized for heart attacks, strokes and respiratory diseases such as asthma and emphysema. Heart attack hospitalizations fell an average of 15% after communities passed laws banning smoking in areas such as restaurants, bars and wore places, according to the largest analysis of smoke-free legislation to date. The analysis included 45 studies covering 33 laws in American cities and states, as well as countries such as New Zealand and Germany. Stroke hospitalizations fell 16%, while hospitalizations for respiratory diseases fell 24%, according to the study, the more comprehensive the law, the greater the impact, says senior author Stanton Glantz, director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the University of California-San Francisco. For example, a 2002 law banning smoking only in restaurants in Olmsted County, Minn., had no effect on heart attacks, according to a study also published Monday in the Archives of Internet Medicine. However, heart attacks fell by 33% after a 2007 law that expanded the smoking ban to all workplaces, including bars, according to the report, from Minnesota’s Mayo Clinic How cigarettes became uncool on campus. It has been about four months since signs went up all over Northeastern University announcing a smoking ban on school property.

For this article response paper, I will be using the Stages Model of policy making to dissect the article and identify how policy was passed regarding tobacco policy. By examining the agenda setting, formation and adoption of tobacco policy, implementation of such policies, and evaluations we can better understand tobacco policy.

The tobacco industry knowingly provides a product that is both addictive and detrimental to the health of their customer. Extensive studies have conclusively confirmed the significant negative health and economic impacts of this product. From a deontological perspective, the tobacco industry has a clear duty to educate their customers, and the public, of the dangers of being exposed to their product. Despite this duty, the industry has illustrated unethical behavior in the past. Over the last several decades, numerous studies have confirmed various health impacts on the users and bystanders. Even today the same unethical behavior continues. As regulations are imposed in developed nations the tobacco industry targets the poor in developing nations, where regulations may be lacking, and the target market may not fully understand the consequences of smoking.

Exposure to second hand smoke, which for the purposes of this report will be designated SHS, poses extremely detrimental health risks for any and all individuals who consider themselves non-smokers, especially young children and pregnant women. SHS is estimated to contribute to heart attacks in nonsmokers and causes nearly 53,800 deaths in the United States alone on an annual basis.1 According to the United States Surgeon General’s report from 2010, tobacco use remains the single largest preventable cause of death and disease in this country, causing approximately 443,000 adult deaths from smoking-related illnesses each year.2 Additionally, smoking has been

The EPA determined that secondhand smoke is a Group A carcinogen, a classification of pollutants that have been proven to cause cancer. The tobacco industry responded to the report with a well-funded advertising, public relations, and legal counterattack. Since then, controversy over the topic has spread, both politically and socially. But what exactly are the risks associated with secondhand smoke, and how has the American public responded to those risks?

One of the major reasons for death and preventable diseases is tobacco use. Just in the United States of America, smoking has found to be the cause of “over 40,000 deaths due to heart disease and over 200,000 episodes of childhood asthma per year” (Naiman et al 1). Some of these cases could be specifically linked to secondhand smoke, “defined as an involuntary exposure to a combination of diluted cigarette side stream smoke and the exhaled smoke from smokers” (Naiman et al 1). Greenwald found that “by 2015, 36 states and 4,177 municipalities in the USA had enacted law that restricted where smoking was allowed” (101). Smoking in public places should not be allowed because

What are the stages of the policy process? The first couple people to respond in here can think in broad terms, then let 's get into more depth and detail. Later responders can just focus on one or two stages and see what insights you can offer. Work with each other to avoid repetition. Any issues arise? Any problems or controversies to discuss?

The user is not the only one at risk. Second – hand smoke can cause lung cancer and cardiovascular disease in non-smoking adults. Children are not exempt from the harmful use of tobacco. When exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, children can be at risk for bronchitis, asthma, and pneumonia. Everyone can be affected by the use of tobacco. Many assessments have been conducted across the country to evaluate the use of tobacco in hopes to decrease the use of tobacco and lower the rates of illness and deaths amongst those that decide to use tobacco products.

Cigarettes have caused noxiousness to society and the economy for the past twenty years. They’re not causing a detriment to just the people who proceed to use them, but to those who are around it as well. Cigarettes have bounteous accouterments on active smokers, and even have immense long-term holdings on nonsmokers. The entryway that causes effects for active smokers is called ‘mainstream smoke’ and the results for nonsmokers is called ‘secondhand smoke’. Second hand smoke is just as destructive as smoking and leads to a higher prevalence of cancer and heart disease, causing it to be crippling for anybody around a smoker.

As Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids (n.d.) says “People who die each year from their own cigarette smoking or exposure to second hand smoke are more than 480,000 in the U.S only”(p.1). Many people debate on should or should not smoking in public places be banned. Everyone knows that smoking harms our health and destroys every organ in our body. It also affects our environment negatively. Many people do not know that tobacco was found in America before thousands of years ago. At first people started chewing tobacco and they only smoke it during specific events as been said by the “A brief history of smoking” (2011, p.1). It was considered as a type of accessories for a man to hold a tobacco in his hand. Some people see it as a sign of being mature and old enough so that people would take him seriously and not to mess with him. It became a habit and a trend among people with different ages to smoke cigarettes with variety of flavors and nicotine. However, nowadays scientists and doctors did many studies, that smoking destroys our health and harms non-smokers as well. Smoking also may cause death at young age. Therefore, it is argued that smoking

Smoking cigarettes and chewing tobacco has become a very popular trend among many Americans and individuals throughout our society. Tobacco, however, dates back many centuries, since the early 1600's. In fact, tobacco was believed to have been the cure for all illnesses. Tobacco was used in those times strictly for medicinal purposes only. Overall tobacco has been proven not as a medicinal remedy, but as an addicting and extremely harmful stimulant. As stated in a book by Darryl S. Inaba, " Tobacco is a prime example of the addiction process. In fact eighty percent of cigarette smokers know tobacco causes cancer, yet they still smoke." (137) Throughout history, smoking has been associated with negative traits and has been heavily